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Kinds of Joint

Movements
Russ
1 Flexion (bending)
Flexion is the bending of a
joint or body part that
decreases the angle
between two parts.
2 Lateral Flexion
Lateral flexion refers to the movement of
bending the body or a body part to the
side.
3 Horizontal Flexion
Refers to the movement of a
limb (usually the arms or legs)
toward the midline of the body
in the horizontal plane.
4 Dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion is the movement of
the foot in which the toes move
upward toward the shin,
decreasing the angle between the
dorsum (top) of the foot and the
5 Plantar Flexion
Extension of the ankle, like
pointing the toes.
6 Extension
Increasing the angle
between body parts, like
straightening the elbow.
7 Horizontal Extension
Straightening a body part
by moving through the
horizontal plane, like the
arm moving outward.
8 Hyperextension
Extending a joint beyond
its normal range.
9 Abduction
Moving away from the
body's midline, like raising
an arm sideways.
10 Adduction
Moving toward the body's
midline.
11 Rotation
Turning around the
longitudinal axis (e.g.,
turning the head).
12 Pronation
Pronation refers to the
rotational movement of a body
part, like rotating the forearm
so the palm faces down.
13 Supination
Supination is the opposite of
pronation and refers to the rotational
movement of a body part, typically
the forearm or foot, where the palm
or sole turns upward or outward.
14 Inversion
Inversion refers to the
movement of the foot where
the sole turns inward, towards
the midline of the body.
15 Eversion
Eversion is the movement
of the foot where the sole
turns outward, away from
the midline of the body.
16 Circumduction
A circular movement, like
arm circles.
17 Elevation
Refers to the upward
movement of a body part.
18 Depression
It refers to a downward
movement of a body part.
1 Protraction
9
Moving the shoulder girdle
away from the midline
(broadening shoulders).
20 Retraction
Moving the shoulder girdle
toward the midline
(narrowing shoulders).
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