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The Fundamental Counting Principal

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21 views28 pages

The Fundamental Counting Principal

Uploaded by

Donald Dube
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Fundamental Counting

Principal, Permutations, &


Combinations
The Fundamental Counting
Principal
• If you have 2 events: 1 event can occur m ways
and another event can occur n ways, then the
number of ways that both can occur is m*n
• Event 1 = 4 types of meats
• Event 2 = 3 types of bread

• How many diff types of sandwiches can you


make?
• 4*3 = 12
3 or more events:
• 3 events can occur m, n, & p ways, then
the number of ways all three can occur is
m*n*p
• 4 meats
• 3 cheeses
• 3 breads
• How many different sandwiches can you
make?
• 4*3*3 = 36 sandwiches
• At a restaurant at Cedar Point, you have
the choice of 8 different entrees, 2
different salads, 12 different drinks, & 6
different deserts.
• How many different dinners (one choice of
each) can you choose?

• 8*2*12*6=
• 1152 different dinners
Fund. Counting Principal with
repetition
• A License plate can have 3 digitsfollowed
by 3 letters.
• 1. How many different licenses plates are
possible if digits and letters can be
repeated?
• There are 10 choices for digits and 26
choices for letters.
• 10*10*10*26*26*26=
• 17,576,000 different plates
How many plates are possible if
digits and numbers cannot be
repeated?
• There are still 10 choices for the 1st digit
but only 9 choices for the 2nd, and 8 for the
3rd.
• For the letters, there are 26 for the first,
but only 25 for the 2nd and 24 for the 3rd.
• 10*9*8*26*25*24=
• 11,232,000 plates
Phone numbers
• How many different 7 digit phone numbers
are possible if the 1st digit cannot be a 0 or
1?
• 8*10*10*10*10*10*10=
• 8,000,000 different numbers
Testing
• A multiple choice test has 10 questions
with 4 answers each. How many ways
can you complete the test?
• 4*4*4*4*4*4*4*4*4*4 = 410 =
• 1,048,576
Using Permutations

• An ordering of n objects
is a permutation of the
objects.
There are 6 permutations of the
letters A, B, &C
• ABC You can use the
• ACB Fund. Counting Principal to
• BAC determine the number of
• permutations of n objects.
BCA
Like this ABC.
• CAB There are 3 choices for 1st #
• CBA 2 choices for 2nd #
1 choice for 3rd.
3*2*1 = 6 ways to arrange the
letters
In general, the number of
permutations of n objects is:

• n! = n*(n-1)*(n-2)* …
12 skiers…
• How many different ways can 12 skiers in
the Olympic finals finish the competition?
(if there are no ties)
• 12! =
12*11*10*9*8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1 =
• 479,001,600 different ways
Factorial with a
calculator:
Back to the finals in the Olympic
skiing competition.
• How many different ways can 3 of the
skiers finish 1st, 2nd, & 3rd (gold, silver,
bronze)
• Any of the 12 skiers can finish 1st, the any
of the remaining 11 can finish 2nd, and any
of the remaining 10 can finish 3rd.
• So the number of ways the skiers can win
the medals is
• 12*11*10 = 1320
Permutation of n objects taken r at
a time

n!
•nPr =
n  r !
Back to the last problem with the
skiers
• It can be set up as the number of
permutations of 12 objects taken 3 at a
time.
• 12P3 = 12! = 12! =
(12-3)! 9!
• 12*11*10*9*8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1 =
9*8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1

• 12*11*10 = 1320
10 colleges, you want to visit all or
some.
• How many ways can you visit
6 of them:
• Permutation of 10 objects taken 6 at a
time:
• 10P6 = 10!/(10-6)! = 10!/4! =

• 3,628,800/24 = 151,200
How many ways can you visit
all 10 of them:

• 10P10 =
• 10!/(10-10)! =
• 10!/0!=
• 10! = ( 0! By definition = 1)
• 3,628,800
So far in our problems, we have
used distinct objects.
• If some of the objects are repeated, then
some of the permutations are not
distinguishable.
• There are 6 ways to order the letters
M,O,M
• MOM, OMM, MMO
• MOM, OMM, MMO
• Only 3 are distinguishable. 3!/2! = 6/2 = 3
Permutations with Repetition
• The number of DISTINGUISHABLE
permutations of n objects where one
object is repeated q1 times, another is
repeated q2 times, and so on :

• n!
q1! * q2! * … * qk!
Find the number of distinguishable
permutations of the letters:
• OHIO : 4 letters with 0 repeated 2 times
• 4! = 24 = 12
• 2! 2

• MISSISSIPPI : 11 letters with I repeated 4


times, S repeated 4 times, P repeated 2
times
• 11! = 39,916,800 = 34,650
• 4!*4!*2! 24*24*2
Find the number of distinguishable
permutations of the letters:
• SUMMER :

• 360

• WATERFALL :

• 90,720
A dog has 8 puppies, 3 male and 5
female. How many birth orders are
possible

• 8!/(3!*5!) =
• 56
What are
Combinations?
Combinations and
Permutations

• Whats the Difference?


• In English we use the word "combination"
loosely, without thinking if the order of
things is important. In other words:
Whats the Difference?
"My fruit salad is a combination of apples,
grapes and bananas" We don't care what order
the fruits are in, they could also be "bananas,
grapes and apples" or "grapes, apples and
bananas", its the same fruit salad.

"The combination to the safe was 472". Now we


do care about the order. "724" would not work,
nor would "247". It has to be exactly 4-7-2.
So, in Mathematics we use
more precise language:
If the order doesn't matter, it is a Combination.

If the order does matter it is a Permutation.

So, we should really call this a "Permutation Lock"!


How lotteries work.
• The numbers are drawn one at a time, and
if you have the lucky numbers (no matter
what order) you win!

• So what is your chance of winning?

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