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Analog To Analog

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10 views22 pages

Analog To Analog

Uploaded by

rahuljand44
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analog Transmission

Modulation
Modulation can be digital or analog. Input wave
of analog scheme varies continuously like a
sine wave.
Voice is sampled at some rate then compressed
and turned into a bit-stream then
superimposed on the carrier signal, in digital
modulation.
This all happens because the communication
systems have used a powerful and beautiful
technique called Modulation
Modulation
The process by which data/information is
converted into electrical/digital signals for
transferring that signal over a medium is
called modulation.

It increases strength for maximum reach of the


signals. The process of extracting
information/data from the transmitted signal is
called demodulation.
Analog-to-Analog
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of
analog information by an analog signal. One may ask
why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is
already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is
bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is
available to us.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog
modulation
Analog-to-Analog Modulation
The various forms of modulation are designed to alter
the characteristic of carrier waves.

The most commonly altered characteristics of


modulation include amplitude, frequency, and
phase.

Carrier signal: The signals which contain no


information but have a certain phase, frequency, and
amplitude are called carrier signals.

Modulated signals: The signals which are the


combination of the carrier signals and modulation
signals are modulated signals. The modulated signal is
obtained after the modulation of the signals.
Amplitude
Modulation
It is a type of modulation in which only the amplitude of
the carrier signal is varied to represent the data being
added to the signals whereas the phase and the
frequency of the signal are kept unchanged.

The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the bandwidth of the


modulating signal.

Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum is identical,
we can discard one half, thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission
Figure 5.16 Amplitude
modulation
Amplitude
Modulation
Amplitude
Modulation
Note

The total bandwidth required for


AM can be determined
from the bandwidth of the
audio signal: BAM = 2B.
Figure 5.17 AM band
allocation
Frequency modulation
It is a type of modulation in
which only the frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to
represent the frequency of the
data whereas the phase and the
amplitude of the signals are kept
unchanged.
Figure 5.18 Frequency
modulation
Frequency modulation
Note

The total bandwidth required for FM


can be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  is usually 4.
Figure 5.19 FM band
allocation
Amplitude VS Frequency modulation
Phase Modulation
(PM)
 The modulating signal only
changes the phase of the carrier
signal.
 The phase change manifests itself
as a frequency change but the
instantaneous frequency change
is proportional to the derivative of
the amplitude.
 The bandwidth is higher than for
Figure 5.20 Phase
modulation
Note

The total bandwidth required for PM


can be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  = 2 most often.

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