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Support Vector Machine-1

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15 views12 pages

Support Vector Machine-1

Uploaded by

Maitree Kataria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Support Vector

Machine
• Support Vector Machine or SVM is one of the most popular Supervised Learning
algorithms, which is used for Classification as well as Regression problems.

• However, primarily, it is used for Classification problems in Machine Learning.

• The goal of the SVM algorithm is to create the best line or decision boundary that can
segregate n-dimensional space into classes so that we can easily put the new data point in
the correct category in the future. This best decision boundary is called a hyperplane.

• SVM chooses the extreme points/vectors that help in creating the hyperplane. These
extreme cases are called as support vectors, and hence algorithm is termed as Support
Vector Machine.
• Consider the below diagram in which there are two different categories that are classified using a decision boundary
or hyperplane:
Types of SVM

SVM can be of two types:

•Linear SVM: Linear SVM is used for linearly separable data, which means if a dataset can
be classified into two classes by using a single straight line, then such data is termed as
linearly separable data, and classifier is used called as Linear SVM classifier.

•Non-linear SVM: Non-Linear SVM is used for non-linearly separated data, which means if a
dataset cannot be classified by using a straight line, then such data is termed as non-linear data
and classifier used is called as Non-linear SVM classifier.
Hyperplane and Support Vectors in the SVM algorithm:

Hyperplane: There can be multiple lines/decision boundaries to segregate the classes in n-


dimensional space, but we need to find out the best decision boundary that helps to classify
the data points. This best boundary is known as the hyperplane of SVM.

The dimensions of the hyperplane depend on the features present in the dataset, which means
if there are 2 features (as shown in image), then hyperplane will be a straight line. And if
there are 3 features, then hyperplane will be a 2-dimension plane.

We always create a hyperplane that has a maximum margin, which means the maximum
distance between the data points.

Support Vectors:
The data points or vectors that are the closest to the hyperplane and which affect the position
of the hyperplane are termed as Support Vector. Since these vectors support the hyperplane,
hence called a Support vector.
How does SVM works?

Linear SVM:

The working of the SVM algorithm can be understood by using an example. Suppose we
have a dataset that has two tags (green and blue), and the dataset has two features x1 and
x2. We want a classifier that can classify the pair(x1, x2) of coordinates in either green or
blue. Consider the below image:
Support Vector Machine Algorithm
So as it is 2-d space so by just using a straight line, we can easily separate these two classes.
But there can be multiple lines that can separate these classes. Consider the below image:
• Hence, the SVM algorithm helps to find the best line or decision boundary; this best
boundary or region is called as a hyperplane. SVM algorithm finds the closest point of the
lines from both the classes. These points are called support vectors.

• The distance between the vectors and the hyperplane is called as margin. And the goal of
SVM is to maximize this margin. The hyperplane with maximum margin is called
the optimal hyperplane.
Non-Linear SVM:

If data is linearly arranged, then we can separate it by using a straight line, but for non-linear
data, we cannot draw a single straight line. Consider the below image:
• So to separate these data points, we need to add one more dimension.

• For linear data, we have used two dimensions x and y, so for non-linear data, we will
add a third dimension z. It can be calculated as:

z=x2 +y2

• By adding the third dimension, the sample space will become as below image:
• So now, SVM will divide the datasets into classes in the following way. Consider the below
image:
• Since we are in 3-d Space, hence it is looking like a plane parallel to the x-axis. If we
convert it in 2d space with z=1, then it will become as:

• Hence we get a circumference of radius 1 in case of non-linear data.

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