CHAPTER 3

ANGLE MODULATION
 PART 1
INTRODUCTION
 In this chapter, we study a second family of
continuous-wave(CW) modulation systems, namely,
angle modulation, in which the angle of the carrier
wave is varied according to the baseband signals.
 In this method of modulation, the amplitude of the
carrier wave is maintained constant.
 There are two common forms of angle modulation,
namely, phase modulation and frequency
modulation.
 An important feature of angle modulation is that it
can provide better discrimination against noise and
interference compare to amplitude modulation.
 However, this improvement in performance
is achieved at the expense of increased
transmission bandwidth.
 Moreover, the improvement in the noise

performance with angle modulation is

achieved at the expense of increased
system complexity in both the transmitter
and receiver.
 Angle modulation was first introduced in
1931 as an alternative to amplitude
modulation – because of angle modulation
was less susceptible to noise- can improve
the performance of radio communication.
 Angle modulation is used extensively for

commercial radio broadcasting, TV sound

transmission, two-way mobile radio ,
cellular radio, and microwave & satellite
communication system.
FIGURE 1
FREQUENCY MODULATION
 Principles of FM
 A sine wave carrier can be modified for the
purpose of transmitting information from
one place to another by varying its
frequency. This is known as frequency
modulation (FM).
 In FM, the carrier amplitude remains

constant and the carrier frequency is

changed by the modulating signal.

8
Wave
 As the amplitude of the information signal
varies, the carrier frequency shifts
proportionately.
 As the modulating signal amplitude

increases, the carrier frequency increases.

 With no modulation the carrier is at its

normal center or resting frequency.

10
 Frequency deviation (fd) is the amount of
change in carrier frequency produced by
the modulating signal.
 The frequency deviation rate is how
many times per second the carrier
frequency deviates above or below its
center frequency.
 The frequency of the modulating signal
determines the frequency deviation rate.
 A type of modulation called frequency-
shift keying (FSK) is used in transmission
of binary data in digital cell phones and
low-speed computer modems.
FM Waveform

Carrier

Modulating
Signal

FM
signal

EKT343 –Principle of
Communication Engineering 12
Carrier Modulating signal

Resting fc
FM

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc
Mathematical analysis of FM
Let message signal:

 m t  Vm cos mt
 And carrier signal:

 c t  Vc cos[ c t   ]
 During the process of frequency modulations
the frequency of carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of message signal. Therefore the frequency of
carrier after modulation is written as
i c  K1v m t  C  K1Vm cos m t
 To find the instantaneous phase angle
of modulated signal, integrate equation
above w.r.t. t

K1Vm
i i dt C  K1Vm cos m t dt C t  sin m t
m
 Thus, we get the FM wave as:

K1Vm
v FM ( t ) Vc cos 1 VC cos(C t  sin m t )
m

vFM (t ) VC cos(C t  m f sin mt )

 Where modulation index for FM is
given by

K1Vm
mf 
m
 Therefore:

f K1Vm ;
f
mf 
fm
 K1 – deviation sensitivities Hz/V
PHASE MODULATION
Principles of Phase
Modulation
 When the amount of phase shift of a
constant-frequency carrier is varied in
accordance with a modulating signal, the
resulting output is a phase-modulation
(PM) signal.
 Phase modulators produce a phase shift
which is a time separation between two sine
waves of the same frequency.
 The greater the amplitude of the modulating
signal, the greater the phase shift.
 The maximum frequency deviation
produced by a phase modulator occurs
during the time that the modulating signal
is changing at its most rapid rate.

Figure : A frequency shift

occurs in PM only when
the modulating signal
amplitude varies. (a)
Modulating signal. (b)
FM signal. (c) PM signal.
 Relationship between the Modulating Signal
and Carrier Deviation

 In FM and in PM, the frequency deviation is directly

proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal.

 In PM, the maximum amount of leading or lagging

phase shift occurs at the peak amplitudes of the
modulating signal.

 In PM the carrier deviation is proportional to both the

modulating frequency and the amplitude.
 Principles of Phase
Modulation

Figure: Frequency deviation as a function of (a) modulating signal

amplitude and
(b) modulating signal frequency.
Converting PM into FM

◦ In order to make PM compatible with FM, the

deviation produced by frequency variations in the
modulating signal must be compensated for.
◦ This compensation can be accomplished by
passing the intelligence signal through a low-pass
RC network.
◦ This RC low-pass filter is called a frequency-
correcting network, predistorter, or 1/f filter
and causes the higher modulating frequencies to
be attenuated.
◦ The FM produced by a phase modulator is called
indirect FM.
Mathematical analysis of
PM
 The process by which changing the phase of
carrier signal in accordance with the
instantaneous of message signal. The
amplitude remains constant after the
modulation process.
 Mathematical analysis:
 m t  Vm cos mt
Let message signal:

And carrier signal:

 c t  Vc cos[ c t   ]
24
Where

 = phase angle of carrier signal. It is changed in
accordance with the amplitude of the message
signal;i.e.

 After phase modulation the instantaneous voltage will

be  KVm (t ) KVm cos mt
v pm ( t ) VC cos(C t  KVm cos m t )
 or
v pm ( t ) VC cos(C t  m p cos m t )
 Where mp = Modulation index of phase modulation
 K is a constant and called deviation sensitivities of the
phase
 Summary of Mathematical
Equation for FM and PM

Tomasi Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education,

Electronic Communications Systems, Inc.
5e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

26
 PART 2
Modulation index
Sideband
Bandwidth
Power Distribution
Modulation Index and
Sidebands
 Any modulation process produces
sidebands.
 When a constant-frequency sine wave
modulates a carrier, two side frequencies
are produced.
 Side frequencies are the sum and difference

of the carrier and modulating frequency.

 The bandwidth of an FM signal is usually

much wider than that of an AM signal with

the same modulating signal.
Modulation Index

• The ratio of the frequency deviation to the

modulating frequency is known as the modulation
index (mf).

• In most communication systems using FM, maximum

limits are put on both the frequency deviation and
the modulating frequency.

• In standard FM broadcasting, the maximum

permitted frequency deviation is 75 kHz and the
maximum permitted modulating frequency is 15 kHz.

• The modulation index for standard FM broadcasting

is therefore 5.
Modulation Index and
Sidebands
Bessel Functions
◦ The equation that expresses the phase angle in
terms of the sine wave modulating signal is
solved with a complex mathematical process
known as Bessel functions.

◦ Bessel coefficients are widely available and it is

not necessary to memorize or calculate them.
FM&PM (Bessel function)

 Thus, for general equation:

vFM (t ) VC cos(C t  m f cos mt )


 n 
cos(  m cos )   J n (m) cos   n  
n   2 


 n 
m( t ) VC  J n (m) cos c t  nm t  
n   2 

31
Bessel function

 
vt FM VC {J 0 (m f ) cos C t  J1 (m f ) cos  (C  m )t  
 2
 
 J1 (m f ) cos  (C  m )t    J 2 (m f ) cos(C  2m )t 
 2
 J 2 (m f ) cos(C  2m )t   ...J n (m f )...}

32
 It is seen that each pair of side band
is preceded by J coefficients. The
order of the coefficient is denoted by
subscript m. The Bessel function can
be written as
 mf 
n
 1 m f / 2 2 m f / 2 4 
J n m f        ....
 2   n 1!n  1! 2!n  2 ! 

 N = number of the side frequency

 Mf = modulation index

33
Modulation Index and
Sidebands
Bessel Functions
◦ The symbol ! means factorial. This tells you to
multiply all integers from 1 through the number
to which the symbol is attached. (e.g. 5! Means 1
× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 120)
◦ Narrowband FM (NBFM) is any FM system in
which the modulation index is less than π/2 =
1.57, or
mf < π /2.
◦ NBFM is widely used in communication. It
conserves spectrum space at the expense of the
signal-to-noise ratio.
EKT343 –Principle of Communication
Engineering
35
Bessel Functions of the First
Kind, Jn(m)
for some value of modulation
index

36
Representation of frequency
spectrum

37
Exercise : Using
BFT
 For an FM modulator with a modulation
index m = 1.5, a modulating signal vm(t) = 5
sin(2π1000t), and an unmodulated carrier vc(t)
= 10 sin(2π500kt). Determine the number of
sets of significant side frequencies and their
amplitudes. Then, draw the frequency
spectrum showing their relative amplitudes.

38
 Comparison NBFM&WBFM
WBFM NBFM
Modulation greater than 10 less than 1
index
Freq deviation 75 kHz 5 kHz
Modulation 30 Hz- 15 kHZ 3 kHz
frequency

Spectrum Infinite no of Two sidebands and

sidebands and carrier carrier

Bandwidth 15 x NBFM 2 fm
2(δ*fm (max))
Noise More suppressed Less suppressed
Application Entertainment & Mobile
Broadcasting communication

39
 FM Bandwidth
 Theoretically, the generation and transmission of FM
requires infinite bandwidth. Practically, FM system
have finite bandwidth and they perform well.
 The value of modulation index determine the number
of sidebands that have the significant relative
amplitudes
 If n is the number of sideband pairs, and line of
frequency spectrum are spaced by fm, thus, the
bandwidth is:
B fm 2nf m
 For n≥1

40
 Estimation of transmission b/w;
 Assume mf is large and n is approximate mf + 2;
thus
 Bfm=2(mf + 2)fmf
2(  2) f m
=
fm
B fm 2(f  f m )........(1)

Equation (1) is called Carson’s rule

41
Deviation Ratio (DR)
 The worse case modulation index which produces the
widest output frequency spectrum.
f (max)
DR  f m (max)
 Where
◦ ∆f(max) = max. peak frequency deviation
◦ fm(max) = max. modulating signal frequency

42
FM Power
Distribution
 As seen in Bessel function table, it shows
that as the sideband relative amplitude
increases, the carrier amplitude,J0
decreases.
 This is because, in FM, the total transmitted
power is always constant and the total
average power is equal to the unmodulated
carrier power, that is the amplitude of the
FM remains constant whether or not it is
modulated.

43
 In effect, in FM, the total power that is
originally in the carrier is redistributed
between all components of the spectrum, in
an amount determined by the modulation
index, mf, and the corresponding Bessel
functions.
 At certain value of modulation index, the
carrier component goes to zero, where in
this condition, the power is carried by the
sidebands only.

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 Average Power
Vc2
 The average power in unmodulated carrier Pc 
2R
 The total instantaneous power in the angle modulated
carrier. 2 2
m( t ) Vc
Pt   cos 2 [c t  ( t )]
R R
Vc2  1 1  Vc
2
Pt    cos[ 2c t  2( t )] 
R 2 2  2R

 The total modulated power

Vo2 2(V1 ) 2 2(V2 ) 2 2(Vn ) 2

Pt P0  P1  P2  ..  Pn     .. 
2R 2R 2R 2R

45
 PART 3
Noise in FM
Application
Comparison
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Noise in FM
 Noise is interference generated by
lightning, motors, automotive ignition
systems, and power line switching that
produces transient signals.
 Noise is typically narrow spikes of voltage

with high frequencies.

 Noise (voltage spikes) add to a signal and

interfere with it.

 Some noise completely obliterates signal

information.
Noise in FM
 In AM systems, noise easily distorts the
transmitted signal however, in FM systems
any added noise must create a frequency
deviation in order to be perceptible.
 The maximum frequency deviation due to
random noise occurs when the noise is at
right angles to the resultant signal. In the
worst case the signal frequency has been
deviated by:
θ

δ = θfm
 This shows that the deviation due to noise
increases as the modulation frequency
increases. Since noise power is the square
of the noise voltage, the signal to noise
ratio can significantly degrade.
 Noise occurs predominantly at the highest

frequencies within the baseband

 Application of FM
 FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for
high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech (FM
broadcasting). Normal (analog) TV sound is also
broadcast using FM. The type of FM used in
broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM
 A narrowband form is used for voice
communications in commercial and amateur
radio settings. In two-way radio, narrowband
narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth.
In addition, it is used to send signals into space.
Frequency Modulation Versus
Amplitude Modulation

Major applications of AM and FM

Advantages
 Wideband FM gives significant improvement in the
SNR at the output of the RX which proportional to
the square of modulation index.
 Angle modulation is resistant to propagation-
induced selective fading since amplitude variations
are unimportant and are removed at the receiver
using a limiting circuit.
 Angle modulation is very effective in rejecting
interference. (minimizes the effect of noise).
 Angle modulation allows the use of more efficient
transmitter power in information.
 Angle modulation is capable of handing a greater
dynamic range of modulating signal without
distortion than AM.
 Disadvantages
 Angle modulation requires a transmission
bandwidth much larger than the message
signal bandwidth.
 Angle modulation requires more complex

and expensive circuits than AM.

AM vs. FM
AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave
broadcasting.

The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer

wavelengths (lower frequencies) are utilized-remember
property of HF waves?)
However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static
and other forms of electrical noise.

The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity

to noise. Most forms of static and electrical noise is
naturally AM, and an FM receiver will not respond to AM
signals.

The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency

deviation increases (deviation from the centre frequency),
General Comparison of FM and AM
Summary
 FM and PM are 2 form of angle modulation, which
form continuous wave or analog modulation
whose chief characteristic are as follow :-

a) the amplitude of modulated carrier kept

constant
b) the frequency of the modulated carrier is
varied by the modulating voltage

 Bandwidth: B 2(n  f m )

a) Actual minimum bandwidth from Bessel table:

b) Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s

rule: B 2(f  f )
m
END of CHAPTER 3