FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS

SOME IMPORTANT
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
SOME IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
Constant Let ‘c’ be the fixed Then,
function: number.
the function defined by f(x)=c for all xR is called a
constant function.
Clearly, domain of (f)=R and Range of
(f)={c}
Y
f(x)=
c
(0,
X' c) X
O
Y'
FUNCTIONS
Identity function
The function defined f(x)=x for all xR is called the
identity function.
Clearly dom (f)=RRange
and (f)=R
Y
= x
x )
f (

O
X' X
Y'
FUNCTIONS
Modulus The function is defined
function by,
x, when x0
f(x)= is called Modulus function.
-x, when x<0

f(x Y
)=
-x )=x
f(x

O
X' X
Y'
FUNCTIONS
We have dom (f)=R and range
(f)=[0, )
Remarks
:
1. = max {x, -x} (for all xR)

2.
3.
 FUNCTIONS
Reciprocal
function
The function defined by f(x)= is called the reciprocal
function.
Clearly, is not defined when x=0dom(f)=R-
Also, y=  x= {0}
Clearly, x is not defined when y=0
Y
Range (f)=R-
{0}
Can you guess
the domain
X' of f X
in this case? O
Y'
FUNCTIONS
Signum The function defined
function by
when x  0
f(x) = is called the signum
0, when x = 0 function.

1, when x > 0
Clearly 0, when x = 0
f(x)= -1, when x < 0
FUNCTIONS
Y
f(x)=1
1

X' X
O
f(x)=-1
-1

Y'

Domain (f)=R and range (f)={-

1,0,1}
FUNCTIONS
Square Root
function
The function f(x)=+ is called the square root function.
Since negative real number do not have real square
roots,
therefore domain of (f)=[0,).
Also, range (f)=[0, ).
Y
f(x)=+

O
X' X
Y'
 FUNCTIONS
Greatest Integer Function or Step
Function
The function f(x)=[x] defined as the greatest integer
not exceeding x, is called the greatest Integer
function.
Thus f(x)=n if nx<n+1 (nZ)
We have domain of (f)=R and range of
(f)=Z
Y

O
X' X
Y'
 FUNCTIONS
Properties of greatest integer
function
(i) nx<n+1[x]=n where nZ

(ii) x-1<[x]x<[x]+1

(iii) m [x]nmx<n+1 where

m,nZ
(iv) [x+n]=[x]+n, (where n  Z)

0, when x  Z
(v) [x]+[-x]=
-1, when x  Z
FUNCTIONS
[x]+[y] (when {x}+{y}<1
(vi) [x+y]=
[x]+[y]+1 (when {x}+{y}1

Where {x}= fractional part

of x
(vii) [x]=x iff xz

(viii) x[x] for all x  R

FUNCTIONS
Fractional Part
Function
The function defined as f(x)={x}=x-[x] is called the
fractional part function.
Clearly
0{x}<1
We have domain(f)=R and range of
(f)=[0, 1)
Y
1

X' O X
-1
Y'
 FUNCTIONS
Properties of Fractional-Part
Function
(i) 0{x}<1
(ii) [{x}]=0

(iii) If x is an integer i.e., x=nZ then {x}=x-[x]=n-

[n]=n-n=0
Thus {x}=0 when xZ

0, when x  Z
(iv) {x}+{-x}=
-1, when x  Z
(v) f(x)={x} has period 1
FUNCTIONS
Exponential
Function
The function f(x)=ex is called exponential
function.
In general, if a is a positive real number
(a1),the exponential function is defined as
then
f(x)=af(x)=e
Since
x x
is defined for all
xR
So, domain of
(f)=R
Range of
Also, y =
(f)=(0,∞) ax
logy = x log Y x

)=e
loga y (0, 1)
f( x
= x X' X
log a O
x = log a y Y'
FUNCTIONS
Clearly, logay is defined only when y is positive
range of (f)=[0, ) > 1
x, a
Y = a
(0, 1) )
f(x

X' O X
Y'
f(x
)=a x
, a< Y
1 (0, 1)

X' O X
Y'
FUNCTIONS
Logarithmic Function
The function f(x)=log x is called the Logarithmic
function.
In general, if a is a positive real number then the
logarithmic
(a1) function is defined as f(x)=logax.

Since f(x)=logax is defined for all positive real values

so x,
of we have Domain of (f)=(0,
)
FUNCTIONS
Also, y = logax
y

yloga = logx
logay = logx
x =
ay
Clearly, ay defined for all yR
 FUNCTIONS
Range of (f)=R
Y
f(x)=logax, a>1

X' O (1, 0) X
Y'
Y
f(x)=logax, 0<a<1
(1, 0)
X' O X

Y'
Note If f(x)=logex f-1(x)=ex
FUNCTIONS
Polynomial
Function
A function of the form p(x)=a0xn+a1xn-1+a2xn-2+….an-
a0,a1n,a
1x+a , 2…an are real numbers, a00 and n is a non-
negative is integer,
called a polynomial function of
The domaindegree of n.
a polynomial function is
R.
Rational Function
A function of the form f(x)=

where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and

q(x)0,
is called a rational
function.
FUNCTIONS

DOMAIN
FUNCTIONS
DOMAIN
If f(x)=y is a function, then setDo ofyou
all know
possible values
of x for which f(x) exists is called
theas domain
domain ofof f.
f(x) in this
Rules case?
(1) does not exist when f(x)=0

Domain = {xR/f(x)0}=R-{x/f(x)=0}

(2) exists when f(x)0

Domain = {xR/f(x)0}
FUNCTIONS
(3) exists when f(x)>0

Domain = {xR /f(x)>0}

(4) log f(x)when

exists f(x)>0.
Domain= {xR/f(x)>0}

(5) log existswhen

f(x)0
Domain=R- {x/f(x)=0}
 FUNCTIONS
(6) exists when f(x)>0 & f(x)
1
Domain= {x R /f(x) (0,∞)-{1}}
(7) logg(x)f(x) when f(x)>0, g(x)>0 and
exists g(x)1
(8) D1, D2 are domains of f(x) and
g(x). Then,
(i) Domain of is D1D2
f(x)g(x)
(ii) Domain of is D1D2
f(x)g(x)
(iii) Domain of is
D1D2-{}
FUNCTIONS
Important Note: Useful results while calculating
domain are (when <).
x(,)
x[,] ∞)
(i) (x-)(x-)<0 <x<x(-∞,)(,
x(-∞,][,
(ii) (x-)(x-)0
 x ∞)
(iii) (x-)(x-)>0
 x< or x>

(iv) (x-)(x-)0
 x or x
FUNCTIONS
RANGE
f(x)=y is a function such that for several values of x,
we get several values to y. Now set of all values of y is
called the range of f.
Rules
(1) f(x)=acosx+bsinx+c, then range of
f(x) is [c-,c+]

(2) If a2+b2+c2=k, then range of ab+bc+ca is

(3) While calculating range useful result is

AMGMHM
FUNCTIONS
Domain and Range of standard
S.NO FUNCTION functions
DOMAIN RANGE

1 y=ax xR y(0,

2 y=logex x(0, yR
3 y=[x] xR yZ

4 y= xR y[0,
5 y= x[0, y[0,
6 y=Sinx xR y[-1,1]

7 y=Cosx xR y[-1,1]

FUNCTIONS
Domain and Range of standard
functions
S.NO FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE
8 y=Tanx xR-{(2n+1);nZ} yR
9 y=Cotx xR-{n;nZ} yR
10 y=Secx xR-{(2n+1);nZ} y(-,-1][1,
11 y=Cosecx xR-{n;nZ} y(-,-1][1,
12 y=x x[-1,1] y
13 y=x x[-1,1] y[0,]
14 y=x xR y
FUNCTIONS
Domain and Range of standard
functions
S.NO FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE
15 y=x xR y(0, )
16 y=x x(-,-1][1, y[0, /2) (/2, ]
17 y=x x(-,-1][1, y [-/2,0) (0,
/2]
18 y=Sinhx xR yR
19 y=Coshx xR y[1, )
20 y=Tanhx xR y(-1,1)
21 y=Cothx x(-,0)(0, y(-,-1)(1,
FUNCTIONS
Domain and Range of standard
functions
S.NO FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE
22 y=Sechx xR y(0,1]
23 y=Cosechx x(-,0)(0, y(-,0)(0,
24 y=x xR yR
25 y=x x[1, ) y[0,)
26 y=x x(-1,1) yR
27 y=x x(-,-1)(1, y(-,0)(0,
28 y=x x(0,1] y[0,
29 y=Cox x(-,0)(0, y(-,0)(0,
FUNCTIONS

MCQS
1. exists when

1) 2) 3) f(x)<0 4) f(x)≤0
f(x)≥0 f(x)>0
2. log|f(x)|exists when

1) 2)
f(x)≠0 f(x)>0
3) 4)
f(x)<0 f(x)≤0
FUNCTIONS
3. If (x-)(x-)≤0, which of the following is true

1) 2) 3) x< or 4) x or
<x< x x> x
4. f(x)=acosx+bsinx+c then range of f(x)
is [c-,c+]
1)

2) (c-,c+)

3) (c-,c+]

4) [c-,c+)
FUNCTIONS

Thank
you…