FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS

INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
 In day to day life, we come across machines which
accept input and give output or outputs.
 When one input is given to a machine it gives
one output. It is single task machine

 And a machine which gives several outputs for a

single input is a multi task machine.

 A function is nothing but a single task

machine.
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 f is single task machine (Function)
 Here, f is the name of the machine
which takes input x
and gives outputdenoted as
y, Input(x) f(x)=y

Machine (f)

Output(y)
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 g is multi task machine (Not a function)
 Here, g is the name of machine
giving outputs y1,
for single input x,denoted asy2 g(x)= y1,
Input(x) g(x)=y2

Machine (g)

Output(y1)Output(y2)
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Consider f(x) =By observing all these f(0) =
Let
2x+3(i)us see one three conditionsf(-4)
f(2)==2(-
= f(0)=3 (i.e.) machine f takes
(i) If xExample 2(0)+3
input 0 and
0 gives output 3 2(2)+3
4)+3
We get different outputs
(ii) If x =  f(2)=7 (i.e.)for differentf inputs
machine takes input 2 and
2 gives output 7

(iii) If x = -  f(-4)=-5 (i.e.) machine f takes input -4

4 and gives output -5
Thus, f is such that for single input, only one
output exists (i.e.) single task machine.

Thus, strongly f is a function.

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Example In this case we
get two different
0 outputs for single
Consider (x=prime)
1 input
g(x)=
(x=even)
Now 2 is prime 
g(2)=0
Also 2 is even 
g(2)=1
Thus g(2) = 0 or 1
(i.e.) machine g takes single input 2 and gives
output 0 or 1
(i.e.) multi task machine.
Thus g is not a
function
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MCQ
1. A machine f takes input x and gives
output y, denoted as

1)
x=y
S
2)
f(x)=y
3)
f(y)=x
4) none
FUNCTIONS
2. If f(x)=5x+3, then f is

1) Single task
machine
2) Multi task machine

3) Function

4) Both 1 & 3
FUNCTIONS

INTRODUCTION OF
DOMAIN & RANGE
FUNCTIONS
DOMAIN AND
RANGE
 Every machine has some limitations in accepting
inputs.
 The set of all acceptable inputs of a machine f is
called its domain.
 The set of all resulting outputs is called its range.
Thus

Domain = set of all acceptable

inputs
Range = set of all possible
outputs.
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Let us observe
inputs and
Input(solid)
Input(cloth)
outputs
diagrammatically

Flour mill
Flour mill

No output
Output(powder)
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ILLUSTRATION
f is a function whose inputs and outputs are listed in
the table:
Input a b c d
Thu
Outpu 3 7 8 0 s
t
f(a) = f(b) = f(c ) = f(d) =
3, 7, 8, 0
Also we write
f={(a, 3), (b,7),(c, 8), (d, 0)}
Where 1st Coordinates a, b, c, d
represent inputs taken by f,
3, 7, 8, 0 are corresponding outputs.
FUNCTIONS
f
Let us observe
the previous Do you know
a
table 3 domain &
b
diagrammaticall 7 range?
yc 8
d 0
Here f establishes connection between set of
inputs {a, b, c, d} to set of outputs{3, 7, 8, 0}.

Thus domain = {a, b, c,

d},
range = {3, 7, 8,
0}
FUNCTIONS f
The terminology input and
a 3
output can be viewed as pre- b 7
Let us know the
image & image under f as c 8
preimage
follows and image d 0
f(a)= of a function
3
 f takes input ‘a’and gives output 3
 3 is image of ‘a’ under
f
f(b)=
7
 f takes input and gives output 7
‘b’
 Pre-image of 7 is ‘b’
under f
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MCQS
1. Domain is nothing but
1) Set of all possible outputs

2) Set of all acceptable

inputs
3) Inputs

4) none
FUNCTIONS
2. If f={(p,1), (q,2), (r,3)} then domain
of f is
1) {1,2,3}

2)
{p,q,r}
3)
{p,q,r,1,2,3}
4) none
FUNCTIONS
3. If f={(p,1), (q,2), (r,3)} then which of the following
is true
1) 2 is the image of q

2) r is the preimage of 3

3) {1,2,3} is the range of f

4) All the above

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MATHEMATICAL
DEFINITION OF FUNCTION
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MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF FUNCTION
 A, B are two non-empty sets. A rule f is such
“f connects every element in that
to a unique element in
AThen, f is called as a function
B”.from A to B
and is written
f:
asA  B (or) A is an
This
(readimportant
as f maps A to
point
 B). we have
Observe that antoelement in A should not be
remember
mapped to two or more elements in B.

 Also A, B are called as domain of f, co-domain of f

respectively
FUNCTIONS
Not
e
 We use the terms “function”, “map”, “mapping”,
“correspondence” as interchangeable.
 f maps aA to bB is written as f(a)=b.
Also f(a)=b
means ‘b’ is image of ‘a’ under f or pre-image of
‘b’ is
‘a’. of all images is range and range is sub set of
 Set
co-domain.
 Usually functions are named as f, g, h, ………
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EXAMPL
f Is ‘f ’ a
E A B function Why?
NO
a 1 or not?
Here ‘c’
b has no 2
image in
c ‘B’ 3

d 4

f is not a function because c in A has no image in B

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EXAMPL
E g Is ‘g’ a
function Why?
NO
A B
or not?
p
x
q
y
r
z
Here, ‘y’ has s
two images
in ‘B’ because element y in A has 2
 g is not a function
connections q, s in B.
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EXAMPL ThenIs ‘f’
what
E f function
is the
DOMAIN CO DOMAIN yes
or not?
range of
f?
a x
b y
c z

 f is a function and domain of f = {a, b, c}, co-

domain of f = {x, y, z}
Range of f = only Images = {x,
y}.
Thus, range is subset of co-domain.
 FUNCTIONS
EXAMPL h Then what
Is ‘h’ is the
E function
CO DOMAIN
DOMAIN range of yes
a or not? h?
1
2 b
3 c
4 d
h is a function Domain of h={1, 2, 3, 4}, Co-Domain
of
h={a,
Rangeb, ofc, d} b, c, d}.
h={a,
Thus, in this example, range = co-domain.
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GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
Let f : A B be a function such that f(a) = b for a A, bB,
then {(a, b)/aA, bB} and f(a)=b
plotted in XY plane gives graph of f.

Note
If the graph of f(x)=y plotted in XY plane is such that
a line parallel to y-axis cuts the graph in more than
one point,

Then f(x)=y is not a function.

FUNCTIONS
y
y=f(x) Let us
observe
this graph
x
O
Line parallel to y-axis

y=f(x) shown in above graph is not a

function.
FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION DEFINITION
THROUGH RELATION
FUNCTIONS
Set
Beforecollection
going to the Example
Well defined of objects
relation A = {1, 2, 3,
is called a set. we have to
know set and 4}
Cartesian product
Cartesian
product
If A, B are two non–empty sets then a set
{(a,b)/aA, bB} is called Cartesian product of A &
B
It is denoted by AB
AB={(a,b)/aA,
bB}
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Ex: A = {1, 2, 3}, B =
{a, b}
(2,a),
AB {(1,a), (1,b), (3,a),
= (2,b), (3,b)}

Relation

If f ⊆ A×B then f is called a relation from A to B.

FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION OF FUNCTION THROUGH RELATION

If f  A  B is a relation
satisfying
 For all a  A, ordered pair (a , b)  f for some b  B
and
 (a, b)  f, (a, c)  f  b = c (i.e.,) ordered pairs with
same first co-ordinate and distinct second co-
ordinates are not allowed.

 Then f is said to be function from A to B

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Example
(1)
f = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 4)} is a function from {1,
2, 3, 4} to itself.f
A A
1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4
DOMAIN CO DOMAIN
FUNCTIONS
Example
(2)
as occurs same
g = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)} is not a function
first co-ordinate in two ordered pairs.

A B

1 2

2 3
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Important Rules

Sets A, B contains m, n elements respectively

i.e., n(A)=m,
n(B)=n
 No. of relations from Set A to Set
B =2mn =
2n(A)n(B)
 No. of functions from Set A to Set B
= nm =
n(B)n(A)
 FUNCTIONS
Ex (1)
Can you
guess
No. of relations from Set of 3 elements the
to set of 4
answer?
2 elements
(3)(4)
=2 12
=

Ex (2)

No. of functions from Set of 3

Can you
elements to set of 4=elements
43
guess the
answer?
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EQUALITY OF FUNCTIONS

Two functions f and g are said to be equal

if(i) f and g are defined on the same
domain
(ii) f (x) = g (x) for all x  domain
of f
Example 1

Let f:RR, g:RR, be defined as f(x)=x2 for every x

R
and g(y)=y2 for every y R;
Then the functions f, g are equal (i.e) f=g
Here, x, y are
simply dummy
variables.
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Example 2
By observing
Consider f (x) = log x2, g (x) = 2 both the
log x domains
f (x) is defined every where except at
x=0
g (x) is defined when x
>0
Thus That
the domain of fof
is domain  domain
of g f(x) is R-{0}
fg
That is domain of
g(x) is R+
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Example
On what3 domain the function f (x) = x2 - 2x, g (x) = -x +
6 are equal
f (x) = g
(x)  x2 -2x = -x +
6
 x2 – x -6 = 0
 (x + 2) (x - 3) =
0
 x = -2, 3

 f (x) and g (x) are equal on the domain {-2,

3}
FUNCTIONS

MCQS
1. A={p,q,r}, B={1,2}, then AB is
1) AB={(p,1),(q,2),(r,2)}

2) AB={(p,1),(p,2),(q,1),
(q,2)}
3) AB={(p,1),(p,2),(q,1),(q,2),
(r,1),(r,2)}
4)
none
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2. n(A)=2, n(B)=4, then number of relations from setA to
setB
1) 22

2) 24

3) 224

4) 42
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3. n(A)=2, n(B)=4, then number of functions from
setA to setB
1) 22

2) 24

3) 224

4) 42
FUNCTIONS

Thank
you…