TIME

HOW TO USE PRESENT SIMPLE

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE IS USED TO DESCRIBE HABITUAL ACTIONS, GENERAL TRUTHS, AND ROUTINES. HERE'S HOW
YOU CAN USE IT

• General Truths and Facts: Use the

• Habitual Actions: Use the present simple
present simple to state facts or truths
to talk about things you regularly do or
that are generally true.
events that happen repeatedly.
• Example:
• Example:
• "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
• "I eat breakfast at 7 AM every morning."
• "The sun rises in the east and sets in
• "She walks to school every day."
the west."
• Scheduled Events: Use the present simple
to refer to future events that are part of a
timetable or schedule.
• Example:
• "The train leaves at 8 PM tomorrow."
• "The conference starts at 9 AM next
Monday."
• Instructions and Directions: Use the present
simple to give instructions or directions.
• Example:
• "You add the flour gradually and mix well."
• "You turn left at the traffic lights.“
 To form the present simple tense:
• For regular verbs:
• For most verbs, add "-s" or "-es" to the base form of the verb for third-person singular subjects (he, she, it).
• I/you/we/they + base form of the verb
• He/she/it + base form of the verb + 's' or 'es'
• Example:
• "I play football."
• "She plays football."
• "They walk to school."
• "He walks to school."
• For irregular verbs, the base form of the verb is used for all subjects.
• Example:
• "I go to work by bus."
• "She goes to work by bus."
 RULES TO CREATE PRESENT SIMPLE
QUESTIONS
• To start a question in the present simple tense in English, you generally use
an auxiliary verb or the verb "do" before the subject. Here's the basic
structure:
1.For Yes/No Questions:
1.Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object (if any)
2.For Wh-Questions:
1.Wh-word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object (if any)
2.Here are examples for both types of questions
• Yes/No Questions:
• Do you like chocolate?
• Does he play the guitar?
• Is she coming to the party?
• Wh-Questions:
• What do you like to do in your free time?
• Where does he live?
• When is the next meeting?
• In the present simple tense, "do" is used for the pronouns "I," "you," "we,"
and "they," and "does" is used for the pronouns "he," "she," and "it."
• Remember to conjugate the main verb accordingly:
• For third-person singular subjects (he, she, it), add -s or -es to the base form
of the verb (e.g., play → plays, go → goes).
• For other subjects (I, you, we, they), use the base form of the verb (e.g.,
play, go).
• These structures are fundamental for forming questions in the present
simple tense in English.
 AUXILIARY
VERBS
• An auxiliary verb, also known as a helping verb, is a verb used alongside the main verb to form
verb phrases, tenses, questions, negations, and other grammatical constructions. Auxiliary
verbs provide additional information about the main verb, such as tense, mood, aspect, or
voice. They help convey nuances in meaning and grammatical relationships within a sentence .
1.To be: Forms of "be" (am, is, are, was, were, been, being) are used as auxiliary verbs to form
progressive tenses (e.g., "She is singing"), passive voice (e.g., "The book was written"), and
copular constructions (e.g., "He is a doctor").
2.To have: Forms of "have" (have, has, had) are used to form perfect tenses (e.g., "She has
finished her homework").
3.To do: Forms of "do" (do, does, did) are used in questions (e.g., "Do you like ice cream?"),
negations (e.g., "He does not understand"), and emphasis (e.g., "I do enjoy hiking").
4.Modals: Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) are also
considered auxiliary verbs because they assist the main verb in expressing various meanings
such as ability, possibility, necessity, obligation, and permission (e.g., "She can swim").
5.Auxiliary verbs work together with the main verb to create different grammatical structures in English
 WHAT ARE IRREGULAR VERBS
• Irregular verbs are verbs in English that do not follow the regular pattern of
conjugation in the various tenses. Unlike regular verbs, which form their
past simple and past participle forms by adding "-ed" to the base form,
irregular verbs have unique forms for the past simple and past participle.
Some irregular verbs undergo entirely different changes altogether..
• Here are a fewEat:
Go: examples of irregular
See: verbs with
Take:their base form,
Drive:past simple,
•Base form: go •Base form: eat •Base form: see •Base form: take •Base form: drive
and past participle
•Past simple: went
formsate
•Past simple: •Past simple: saw •Past simple: took •Past simple: drove
•Past participle: •Past participle: •Past participle: •Past participle: •Past participle:
gone eaten seen taken driven
Become:
•Base form:
become
•Past simple:
became
•Past participle:
become
 PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
• The "Present Continuous" tense, also known as the "Present
Progressive" tense, is one of the verb tenses used in
English to describe actions that are happening at the
moment of speaking, actions that are ongoing, or
temporary situations. It's also used to describe future plans
or arrangements.

In terms of structure, the Present Continuous tense is formed using

the present tense of the verb "to be" (am, is, are) followed by the
base form of the main verb with the "-ing" suffix.
 • Here's how the Present Continuous tense is structured:
ffirmative Form:
bject + "am/is/are" + verb (base form + -ing) + [object]
ample:
am eating lunch."
he is studying for her exam."
hey are playing football."

Negative Form:
•Subject + "am not/is not/are not" + verb (base form + -ing) + [obje
Example:
•"I am not eating lunch."
•"She is not studying for her exam."
•"They are not playing football."
Interrogative Form (Questions):
•"Am/Is/Are" + subject + verb (base form + -ing) + [object] + ?
Example:
•"Are you eating lunch?"
•"Is she studying for her exam?"
•"Are they playing football?
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE IS USED IN THE
FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Actions Happening Now: To
describe actions that are currently
in progress at the moment of
speaking.
•"I am writing a letter."
•"She is reading a book."

Ongoing Actions: To describe actions

that are in progress over a period of
time.
•"They are renovating their house."
•"He is learning Spanish."

Future Plans or Arrangements: To

describe future events that have already
been planned or arranged.
•"We are meeting them tomorrow."
•"She is flying to Paris next week."
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
• The Present Perfect Simple is a verb tense used in English to express actions
or events that occurred at an indefinite time in the past or have relevance to
the present moment. It's formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary
verb "to have" (have/has) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
• Here's how the Present Perfect Simple tense is structured:
Negative Form:
Interrogative Form
Affirmative Form: •Subject + "have not/has
(Questions):
•Subject + "have/has" not" (contracted:
•"Have/Has" + subject
+ past participle of the haven't/hasn't) + past
+ past participle of the
main verb participle of the main
main verb + ?
Example: verb
Example:
•"I have finished my Example:
•"Have you finished
homework." •"I haven't finished my
your homework?"
•"She has visited homework."
•"Has she visited
London." •"She hasn't visited
London?"
London."
THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE IS
USED IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Actions or Events with Indefinite Time: To
1.Experiences: To talk about
experiences or accomplishments in
describe actions or events that occurred at one's life.
some unspecified time in the past and have 1. "I have traveled to many
relevance to the present moment. countries."
•"I have seen that movie before." 2. "She has never ridden a
•"They have already eaten dinner." horse."
Unfinished Actions: To
indicate actions that started in Changes Over Time: To describe
the past and continue into the changes or developments that have
present or have just been occurred up to the present moment.
completed. •"The climate has changed significantly
•"She has lived in New York for over the past century."
five years." •"Technology has advanced rapidly in
•"I have just finished my work." recent years."

The Present Perfect Simple tense is a versatile tense used to

connect past actions or experiences with the present moment or to
emphasize the ongoing relevance of past events.
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The Present Perfect Continuous tense, also known as the Present

Perfect Progressive tense, is a verb form used to express actions
that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue
into the future. It emphasizes the duration or ongoing nature of an
action or situation up to the present moment.
The structure of the Present Perfect Continuous tense is formed
using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "to have" (have/has),
followed by "been," and then the present participle of the main verb
(verb + "-ing").
HERE'S HOW THE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE IS STRUCTURED:
Affirmative Form:
•Subject + "have/has" + been + present
participle of the main verb
Example:
•"I have been working on this project for two
hours."
•"She has been studying English since last
year."

Negative Form:
•Subject + "have not/has not" (contracted:
haven't/hasn't) + been + present participle Interrogative Form (Questions):
of the main verb •"Have/Has" + subject + been + present
Example: participle of the main verb + ?
•"I haven't been feeling well lately." Example:
•"She hasn't been paying attention in •"Have you been waiting long?"
class." •"Has she been practicing piano all morning?"
 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE IS USED IN THE
FOLLOWING SITUATIONS

• Actions Started in the Past and Actions with Temporary Relevance to

Continuing into the Present: To describethe Present: To describe actions or
actions that began at some point in the past
situations that have been happening
and are still ongoing or have just stopped.
recently and may have an impact on the
• "I have been living in this city for five present moment.
years."
•"He has been studying all morning, so he's
• "She has been working on her thesis all
tired now."
week.
Actions Emphasizing Duration or Progress: •"I've been cleaning
To emphasize thethe house,
duration or and I'm
exhausted."
progress of an action up to the present moment.
•"They have been renovating their house for months."
•"She has been practicing the piano every day to prepare for the concert ."
The Present Perfect Continuous tense helps convey the idea of actions or
situations that have been happening over a period of time and are still relevant to
the present moment. It emphasizes continuity and duration
 PAST SIMPLE
• The Past Simple tense, also known as the Simple Past tense, is a verb
form used to describe actions or events that occurred and were completed
in the past. It's one of the basic verb tenses in English and is quite
straightforward in its formation.
• The structure of the Past Simple tense for regular verbs is formed by
adding "-ed" to the base form of the verb. However, for irregular verbs,
the past forms are unique and must be memorized.
HERE'S HOW THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE IS
STRUCTURED:

Regular verbs: Regular verbs: Regular verbs: Did

Affirmative Form:

Negative Form:

Interrogative Form
(Questions):
Subject + past Subject + did not + subject + base
tense form of the (didn't) + base form form of the verb?
verb (verb + "-ed") of the verb Example:
Example: Example: • "Did you work in the
• "I worked in the garden • "I didn't work in the garden yesterday?"
yesterday." garden yesterday." • "Did she play tennis last
• "She played tennis last • "She didn't play tennis weekend?"
weekend." last weekend." Irregular verbs: Did
Irregular verbs: Irregular verbs: + subject + base
Subject + irregular Subject + did not form of the verb?
past tense form of (didn't) + base form Example:
the verb of the verb • "Did you go to the store
Example: Example: yesterday?"
• "Did she eat lunch an
• "I went to the store • "I didn't go to the store
hour ago?"
yesterday." yesterday."
• "She ate lunch an hour • "She didn't eat lunch an
ago." hour ago."
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE IS USED IN THE FOLLOWING
SITUATIONS:

Completed Past Habits Past States

Actions in the or Routines: or
Past: To To talk about
describe past habits or Conditions:
actions that repeated To describe
happened at a actions that past states The Past
specific time in occurred or conditions Simple tense is
the past and regularly in the that existed an essential
are no longer past. for a specific tense in
continuing. "They always English for
period.
"She finished walked to narrating past
her homework school when "He was events,
last night." they were very tired actions, habits,
"He visited children." after the and states.
Paris two years "She never long
ago." drank coffee journey."
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
• Active and passive structures are two different ways of
constructing sentences in English. Each structure serves a different
purpose and conveys information differently.
• Active Structure: In an active sentence, the subject performs the
action expressed by the verb. The structure typically follows the
order: Subject - Verb - Object.
• Example:
• "The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object)."
• In this sentence, "the cat" is the subject, "chased" is the verb, and
"the mouse" is the object. The active voice emphasizes the doer of
the action
 PASSIVE STRUCTURE:

• In a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject

of the passive sentence. The focus shifts from the doer of the action to the
receiver of the action. The structure often follows the order: Object of the
active sentence - Verb phrase (usually a form of "to be" followed by a past
participle) - Subject of the active sentence (optional).
• Example:
• "The mouse (subject) was chased (verb phrase) by the cat (agent)."
• Here, "the mouse" is the subject, "was chased" is the verb phrase, and "by
the cat" is the agent (optional). The passive voice is used when the receiver
of the action is more important or when the doer of the action is unknown or
less important.
 KEY
POINTS
• Active voice emphasizes the doer of the action.
• Passive voice emphasizes the receiver of the action.
• Active sentences are generally clearer and more direct.
• Passive sentences are often used when the doer of the action is unknown,
when it is irrelevant, or when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the
action.
• Both active and passive structures have their uses in English writing and
speaking, and understanding when to use each can enhance clarity and
effectiveness in communication.
 WHAT ARE MODAL VERBS
• Modal verbs are a category of auxiliary verbs used to express a range of meanings including ability, possibility, necessity,
Could:
permission, and obligation. They modify the Theinpast
main verb tensetoofindicate
a sentence "can,"the speaker's attitude towards the action.
used to express past ability,
Here are some common modal verbs in English: Will: Used to express future
Can: Used to express ability, possibility, or polite requests. actions or intentions,
possibility, or permission. •"She could swim when she was
•"I can speak Spanish." willingness, or predictions.
five." •"I will study for the exam
•"Can you help me?" •"Could you pass me the salt,
• tomorrow."
"You can leave now
Would: The past tense of "will," please?
May: Used to express permission, •"Will you come to the party
used for polite requests, possibility, or uncertainty. with me?"
expressing hypothetical •"May I go to the bathroom?" •"It will rain later.
MUST
situations, or making offers. •"It may rain later."
•"Would you like some coffee?" Used to express necessity,
•"He may not be coming to the obligation, or strong
•"If I were you, I would go." Should: Used to give advice,
meeting." probability.
•"She said she would help us." make suggestions, or express
Might: Similar to "may," used to express obligation. •"You must finish your
possibility or uncertainty. •"You should see a doctor if homework before watching
•"She might call us later." you're not feeling well." TV."
•"I might go to the party, depending on my •"We should leave early to •"There must be some
schedule." avoid traffic." mistake."
Shall: Used to make suggestions or •"She must be tired after
offers, particularly in British English, or • "You should apologize for
working all day."
to indicate future actions. Oughtwhat you said."
to: Used to indicate duty, obligation, or moral necessity.
•"Shall we go for a walk?" •"You ought to apologize for what you said."
•"I shall never forget your kindness."•"We ought to help those in need
 PAST
CONTINUES
• The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, is
used to describe actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific point
in the past. It is formed by using the past tense of the verb "to be"
(was/were) and the present participle (the base form of the verb plus "-ing").
• Here's the structure for forming sentences in the past continuous tense:
• Affirmative: Subject + was/were + verb-ing
• Example: She was studying when the phone rang.
• Negative: Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing
• Example: They were not watching TV at that time.
• Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + verb-ing?
• Example: Were you sleeping when I called?
• In the past continuous tense, the focus is often on the duration of the action rather than
its completion. It's commonly used to describe interrupted actions or ongoing activities
PAST PERFECT
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE PLUPERFECT TENSE, IS USED TO DESCRIBE AN ACTION THAT TOOK PLACE BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION IN THE PAST. IT EMPHASIZES THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
BY INDICATING WHICH ACTION HAPPENED FIRST.

• To form the past perfect tense, you use the past tense of the auxiliary verb
"to have" (had) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
• Here's the structure for forming sentences in the past perfect tense:
• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
• Example: She had already eaten when I arrived.
• Negative: Subject + had + not + past participle (or hadn't + past participle)
• Example: They hadn't finished their work by the time I left.
• Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle?
• Example: Had you ever visited Paris before last summer?
• The past perfect tense is used to indicate that one action was completed before
another action or a specific time in the past. It helps to establish the sequence of
PAST PARTICIPLE
• The past participle is a form of the verb that is typically used in perfect
tenses (such as the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect) and
passive voice constructions. In English, the past participle is often formed by
adding "-ed" to the base form of regular verbs. However, irregular verbs
have their own unique past participle forms.
And here are examples of irregular verbs in their
• Here are some examples base form,
form:
of past tense verbs
regular form, and
inpast participle
their base form, past tense
form, and past participle form.
•Base form: go
• Past tense: went
• Base form: play • Past participle: gone
•Base form: eat
• Past tense: played • Past tense: ate
• Past participle: played • Past participle: eaten
• Base form: walk
• Past tense: walked
• Past participle: walked
 MODAL PERFECT
• The modal perfect, also known as the perfect modal, is a combination of a
modal verb and the perfect infinitive of another verb. This construction is
used to express an action that was completed or possible in the past, often
with a sense of speculation, deduction, or obligation.
• The structure for forming the modal perfect is:
• modalverb(could,might,would,should,etc.)+have+pastparticiple
• Here are some examples:
• He could have finished the project by now.
• She might have forgotten about the meeting.
• They would have arrived early if there hadn't been traffic.
• You should have told me earlier.