Spectroscopic

Methods
 WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION?

Electromagnetic radiation consists of two perpendicular waves, one electric and one magnetic, propagating at
the speed of light (c).

Electromagnetic waves of different frequency are called by

different names since they have different sources and effects on
matter. In order of increasing frequency and decreasing
wavelength these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation,
visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.

Every form of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light,

oscillates in a periodic fashion with peaks and valleys, and
displaying a characteristic amplitude, wavelength, and frequency
that defines the direction, energy, and intensity of the radiation.
 WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION?

The standard unit for all electromagnetic radiation is the magnitude of the wavelength (in a vacuum),
which is usually reported in terms of nanometers for the visible light portion of the spectrum. Each
nanometer represents one-thousandth of a micrometer, and is measured by the distance between two
successive peaks
The corresponding frequency of the radiation wave, the number of sinusoidal cycles (oscillations or
complete wavelengths) that pass a given point per second, is proportional to the reciprocal of the
wavelength. Frequency is usually measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps). Thus, longer
wavelengths correspond to lower frequency radiation and shorter wavelengths correspond to higher
frequency radiation.
The wavelength of light, and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, is related to the frequency
by a relatively simple equation:
ν = c/λ (c= 3x108 m/s)
Electromagnetic Radiation
 Properties of EM
Waves

Simple and general properties of electromagnetic radiations are given below –

•Oscillating charged particles produce electric and magnetic fields. These oscillating electrical
and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of the
wave.
•Electromagnetic waves do not require any medium. They can travel in vacuum or space.
•As stated in the above section, electromagnetic waves are of many types and collectively they
form electromagnetic spectrum. Different types of electromagnetic waves differ from one
another in wavelength or frequency.
•Electromagnetic waves travel through the vacuum at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s. This is called speed
of light.
 Quantum Theory
Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behavior of matter and
energy on the atomic and subatomic level. The nature and behavior of matter and energy at that level is
sometimes referred to as quantum physics and quantum mechanics.
The Development of Quantum Theory
• In 1900, Planck suggested that energy is emitted and absorbed not continuously but discontinuously in small
packets called quanta of radiation. In the case of light we call it a photon. Energy of a particular quanta of
6.626 x 10 -34
radiation is proportional to the frequency, i.e.; Eα ν or E=h ν , where h is the plank’s constant, h= J Hz -1

• In 1905, Albert Einstein theorized that not just the energy, but the radiation itself was quantized in the same
manner.
• In 1924, de-Broglie suggested that matter has dual nature , as wave and particle. He derived the equation for the
wavelength of matter waves from Einstein’s relation, E=MC2 , where m is the mass and c is the velocity of light.
From Plank’s equation we know E=hν= hc/
Combining these two hc/ =mc2 or =h/mc.
For other moving material particles,  =h/mv = h/P, where v=velocity , P=momentum. This is the de-Broglie
equation of wavelength of matter waves.
•In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed that precise, simultaneous measurement of two
complementary values - such as the position and momentum of a subatomic particle - is
impossible. This theory became known as the uncertainty principle.
ΔxΔp ≥ h/4π , Δx=uncertainty in position
Δp =uncertainty in momentum
h= Planck's constant
 DUAL NATURE OF MATTER
Photoelectric effect :The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where electrons are emitted from the metal
surface when the light of sufficient frequency is incident upon. Study of photo electric effect led to important
steps in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the formation of the
concept wave-particle duality.
Einstein’s Explanation of Photoelectric effect:
The energy carried by each particle of light (called quanta or photon) is dependent on the
light’s frequency (ν) as shown:
E = hν
Where h = Planck’s constant = 6.6261 × 10-34 Js.
Since light is bundled up into photons, Einstein theorized that when a photon falls on the
surface of a metal, the entire photon’s energy is transferred to the electron.
A part of this energy is used to remove the electron from the metal atom’s grasp and the rest
is given to the ejected electron as kinetic energy. Electrons emitted from underneath the
metal surface lose some kinetic energy during the collision. But the surface electrons carry all
the kinetic energy imparted by the photon and have the maximum kinetic energy.
nature of light.
 DUAL NATURE OF MATTER
We can write this mathematically as:
Energy of photon = energy required to eject an electron (work function) + Maximum kinetic energy of the
electron
E = W + KE
hv = W + KE
KE = hv – w
At the threshold frequency, ν0 electrons are just ejected and do not have any kinetic energy. Below this
frequency, there is no electron emission. Thus, the energy of a photon with this frequency must be the work
function of the metal.
w = hv0
Thus, Maximum kinetic energy equation becomes:
KE = 1/2mv2max=hv–hv0
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

1/2mv2max=h(v−v0)
Vmax is the maximum kinetic energy of the electron. It is calculated experimentally using the
stopping potential.
When (vv0) , the excess energy will be given as kinetic energy of moving electrons.
When (vv0) , no photoelectric effect will happen.
 Experimental Verification of Particle Nature and Wave Nature of
Electron.
1.Scintillation experiment(particle nature of electron): When an electron strikes a ZnS plate , a spot of light
known as scintillation is produced. It is localized on the screen and is not spread out. This localized character is
possessed by particles and therefore it shows the particle nature of electrons.

2.Wave nature of electron(Davidsson and Germer experiment): In their experiment the beam of electrons
produced from a heated tungsten filament is accelerated in an electric field and it is allowed to fall on a nickel
crystal. They get scattered and produce diffraction pattern on a photographic plate, just like X-rays .Since X-rays
have wave nature, electrons must have wave nature too.
THANK YOU…