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62 views26 pages

Mid Sem Rev

Uploaded by

B53S.Mahathi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TRAJECTORY OPTIMIZATION

IN UAV-BASED NON-TERRESTRIAL
NETWORKS

PRESENTED BY - TEAM No. B14 GUIDED BY:


Sarvepalli Mahathi – 21ECB0B53 Prof. Kalpana Naidu
Prathesh Srinivas – 21ECB0F22 Professor, ECE
Vishnu Murali Krishnan – 21ECB0F26 NITW
 INTRODUCTION
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 APPLICATIONS
 MERITS AND DEMERITS
CONTENT  LITERATURE SURVEY

S  WORKFLOW
 WORK DONE
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

Non-terrestrial networks
(NTN) are networks or
network segments that use
either Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (UAS) or
satellites to carry a
transmission equipment
relay node (to relay
signals between users and
base stations/satellites).
UAVs (Unmanned Ariel Vehicles) are a type of
UAS used in NTNs for low-altitude
communications.

They can be deployed quickly and easily to act


PROBLEM as relays between satellite constellations or base
stations and ground users.
STATEMENT
They are mainly used for establishing temporary
networks during natural calamities, in large
gatherings, to facilitating high-speed IoT
networks, in remote areas, etc.
The project aims to use UAVs as
relays between satellites/base
stations and fixed access points
on the ground.

The users in the region of the


network will be connected to the
access points.

The trajectories of the UAVs shall


be optimized to minimize power
consumption and maximize data rate
received by each user.
 Remote Connectivity: Enables communication
in remote areas, supporting telemedicine,
education, and emergency services.
 Disaster Management: Serves as a
communication hub during disasters when the
terrestrial network gets damaged.
APPLICATION  Event Management: Boosts network capacity
at large events, adapting position to maintain
S connectivity.
 Surveillance & Monitoring: Monitors for
threats, assists agriculture, and supports
communication for farmers.
 Military & Tactical Operations: Provides
adaptable networks, adjusting coverage based
on troop density.
MERITS DEMERITS
Flexibility and mobility Power and Endurance
Limitation

Rapid deployment Weather Dependency


Cost-Effective for Security and Vulnerability
temporary networks Risks

Scalable Bandwidth and Capacity


Limitations

Disaster Resilience Limited time of operation


 [1] S. -Y. Lien and D. -J. Deng, "Autonomous Non-Terrestrial Base Station
Deployment for Non-Terrestrial Networks: A Reinforcement Learning
Approach," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2022. The paper
focuses on studying a low computational reinforcement learning scheme
(instead of the conventional deep RL) for the deployment of the optimal
number of non-terrestrial base stations (NT-BSs) that can access non-terrestrial
user equipment (i.e., ariel users), in optimized trajectory.

 [2] C. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Xiao and X. -G. Xia, "3D
Deployment of Multiple UAV-Mounted Base Stations for UAV
Communications," in IEEE Transactions on Communications. This article
LITERATURE develops a communication system assisted by multiple UAV-mounted base
stations (BSs) for minimizing the number of required UAVs and to improve the
SURVEY coverage rate by optimizing the UAV positions, user clustering, and frequency
band allocation, additionally, the constraints of required quality of service
(QoS) and serviceability of each UAV are considered

 [3] M. Ozturk, B. Çiloğlu, G. B. Koç and H. Yanikomeroglu, "Multi-Tier Non-


Terrestrial Networking for Disaster Communications: A Layered Clustering
Approach," 2024 32nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications
Conference (SIU), Mersin, Turkiye, 2024. This paper investigates a three-layer
heterogeneous network with different topologies for high lifespan of temporary
network by using UAV-BSs for radio access network services and HAPS (high
altitude platform stations) deployed as super macro base stations (SMABs)
acting as backhaul, considering scenarios where the backhaul link is damaged
 [4] F. Zeng et al., "Resource Allocation and Trajectory Optimization for QoE
Provisioning in Energy-Efficient UAV-Enabled Wireless Networks," in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2020. The paper focuses on jointly
optimizing user communication scheduling, UAV trajectory, transmit power and
bandwidth allocation to maximize energy efficiency and satisfy user QoE
LITERATURE requirements.

SURVEY  [5] M. Giordani and M. Zorzi, "Non-Terrestrial Networks in the 6G Era:


Challenges and Opportunities," in IEEE Network, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 244-251,
March/April 2021. The paper focuses on using Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs)
with satellites, UAVs, and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) to improve global 6G
connectivity, particularly in underserved areas.
WORKFLOW  The project proposes a model wherein an NTN is
established that uses UAVs as relays between a
set of access points in an area and a satellite
constellation or nearby base station.

 The users to be served get connected to the


access points on the ground.

 The goal is to identify the optimal algorithm for


UAV trajectory planning that minimizes signal
path loss and distance between UAVs and users
while ensuring adequate data rates for all users
within available power constraints
Soft Actor Critic (SAC)
 Stable in continuous control environments, ideal
for dynamic path optimization..
Why  Uses stochastic policy: Enhances exploration &

SAC? improves flexibility

 Uses off policy learning, improves sample


efficiency.
 Deterministic approach allows for precise control,
Why useful in fixed or predictable environments.
 Lower computational cost.
DDPG?  Real-time responsiveness.
PROBLEM FORMULATION

• The goal of the optimization problem is to minimize the below


function at each point on the trajectory.

• Here, dr and γr are the distance and elevation and hrx(dr,γr) is the
channel gain of signal to the rth access point in the xth frequency
channel.
• Minimizing the function would reduce the path loss each signal
faces while maintaining a minimum distance between the access
point and the UAV.
S.T.
1. DATA RATE CONSTRAINT
• The average data rate received by users at every point on the
trajectory must be above the minimum data rate required (given
by C)

• Brx is the bandwidth of each frequency channel, Prx is the signal


power transmitted and sigma is the standard deviation of AWGN.
Shannon’s law is used to calculate the data rate.
2. POWER CONSTRAINT

• The sum of signal powers transmitted to all users at a given point on


the trajectory must be less than the power available to the UAV.

• Here Prx is the signal power the UAV should transmit to the rth user
in the xth channel such that the power received by the user after the
attenuation in the path is greater than the sensitivity of the user’s
receiver.
3. HEIGHT CONSTRAINT

The height of the UAV must be confined to a given range such that it is
neither at an impractically high altitude nor at an altitude low enough to
collide with obstacles on the terrain.
 We consider 1000 to 2000 random access
point locations in a 2 D plane of area of
1000m x 1000m.
 The trajectory is fixed initially to standard
shapes like ellipse, circle, and straight-
line.
WORK  The algorithm then optimizes the
DONE parameters of these shapes to obtain a
suitable trajectory.
 The implementation so far considers that the
communication is over a single frequency
channel.
 The trajectories are discretized into closely
spaced points for ease of computation.
The following flow diagram gives steps for optimizing trajectory using
SAC algorithm:
 The minimum required data rate by each user
is 10Mbps.
Optimization  The bandwidth of the channel is 20MHz.
limits /  The supply power (maximum power available
bounds to transmit signals to all users) is taken as 1W.
 The height of the UAV is constrained to be in
the range of 100 m to 500 m.
RESULTS
ELLIPTICAL TRAJECTORY

OPTIMIZED TRAJECTORY DATA RATE PROVIDED


CIRCULAR TRAJECTORY

DATA RATE PROVIDED


OPTIMIZED TRAJECTORY
LINEAR TRAJECTORY

OPTIMIZED TRAJECTORY DATA RATE PROVIDED


 To provide the required coverage, power
required by ellipse, circle and straight-line
trajectories are 0.44W, 0.59W and 1.2W
respectively.

 Elliptical trajectory requires minimum


CONCLUSIO power but is relatively difficult to navigate
N in.

 Straight-line trajectory is easiest to navigate


but required more power to provide required
coverage, thereby having lower time of
flight.
 1. S. -Y. Lien and D. -J. Deng, "Autonomous Non-Terrestrial Base Station
Deployment forNon-Terrestrial Networks: A Reinforcement Learning
Approach"

 2. S. Zhang, H. Zhang, Q. He, K. Bian and L. Song, "Joint Trajectory and


Power Optimizationfor UAV Relay Networks“

REFERENCE  M. Ozturk, B. Çiloğlu, G. B. Koç and H. Yanikomeroglu, "Multi-Tier Non-


Terrestrial Networking for Disaster Communications: A Layered Clustering
S Approach”

 4. Optimizing UVA Coverage Area through UAV Hovering Strategies - BAHU


VEERA VIKAS(22ECM3R27), Prof. Kalpana Naidu Advance communication
systems, ECE, M.TECH NIT Warangal

 5. Optimal LAP Altitude for Maximum Coverage - Akram Al-Hourani,


Sithamparanathan Kandeepan, and Simon Lardner
THANK
YOU

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