APPLICATONL

AYER
By: 1 .Nilkant Gorle
2. Sahil Gole
Overview
Introduction
WWW and HTTP
File Transfer
Electronic Mail
DNS
DHCP
Remote Login
 Introduction

Application Layer is the 7th layer of OSI model and responsible for
providing services to the user. It provides services that directly support
user application such as database access, e-mail, file transfer etc.
Application layer protocols specify the format and controlinformation
necessary for many of the common Internet communication functions.
data between the source and destination.
Application layer protocols are used to exchange hosts/devices.
Application layer uses protocols such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Trivial File Transfer Protocol • (TFTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Border
Gateway Protocol (BGP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), TELNET,
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System
(DNS) etc.
 World Wide Web ( WWW )

Communication between Client

and Server
The WWW is a way of exchanging the information between
computer on the internet. The WWW is combination of all
resources and users on the internet that are the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ). WWW is distribute client server and
HTTP is used to retrieve information from the Web. WWW or WEB
refers to the collection of public website connected to the
internet worldwide, together with client devices such as
computer and cell phones that access its content. The term
WWW has unique combination of flexibility, portability, and user-
friendly features that distinguish it from other service provided
by the internet.
 HTTP

HTTP application layer protocol is used to transfer data

across the Web or WWW.The standard web transfer
protocol is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used
mainly to access data on World Wide Web (WWW). It is
similar to FTP because it transfers files and uses the
services of TCP.HTTP is like SMTP because the data
transferred between the client and the server look like
SMTP messages.HTTP uses the services of TCP, HTTP
itself is a stateless protocol, which means that the
server does not keep information about the client.The
client initializes the transaction by sending a request.
The server replies by sending a response
Feature FTP TFTP

Purpose Transfer files between computers Transfer files between computers

Establishes a connection between Establishes a connection between

two computers, allowing for a more two computers, but with a more
Connection
complex set of commands and limited set of commands and
options options

Uses username and password for

Authentication Does not support authentication
authentication

Security Encrypts data transfer Does not encrypt data transfer

Can recover from errors during

Error handling Does not have error recovery
transfer

Supports both ASCII and binary

File transfer mode Only supports binary transfer mode
transfer modes

Supports resuming interrupted

Does not support any transfer
Transfer options transfers and setting transfer mode,
options
transfer type, and other options
 Messages in TFTP

1. Read Request A read request is used by the client to get a copy of a file from
(RRQ) : the server.
2. Write Request Write Request is being used by the client for writing a file into
(WRQ) : the server.
3. Data : Is the message used by client or server to send the block
of data.
4. Is the acknowledgement message used by the client or the server to
Acknowledgement : acknowledge the receipt of the received data block

5. Error : Is a message used by the client or the server when there is a problem in establishing the
connection between client and server, or there is a problem in transferring the data
Electronic Mail

Email stands for Electronic Mail. It is a method to

send messages from one computer to another
computer through the Internet. It is mostly used in
business, education, technical communication, and
document interactions. It allows communicating with
people all over the world without bothering them. An
email is a communication that happens in real time
and can get important data across to people in
various geographies. An email is a record of the
communications that have happened and is stored on
the server of the organization.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP is an application layer protocol. The client who wants to send the mail opens a TCP
connection to the SMTP server and then sends the mail across the connection. The SMTP server
is an always-on listening mode. As soon as it listens for a TCP connection from any client, the
SMTP process initiates a connection through port 25. After successfully establishing a TCP
connection the client process sends the mail instantly.

Advantages of SMTP Disadvantages of SMTP

• If necessary, the users can have a dedicated • SMTP’s common port can be blocked by several firewalls.
server. • SMTP security is a bigger problem.
• It allows for bulk mailing. • Its simplicity restricts how useful it can be.
• Low cost and wide coverage area. • Just 7-bit ASCII characters can be used.
• Offer choices for email tracking. • If a message is longer than a certain length, SMTP servers may
• Reliable and prompt email delivery. reject the entire message.
 POP
3POP3
POP 3 stands for Post Office Protocol Version 3.
protocol is used to provide access to the mail inbox
that is stored in the email server. POP3 protocol can
download and delete messages. Once the POP3 client
has established a connection with the mail server it
can easily retrieve all the messages from the server.
The user can access the messages locally even if the
user is offline.

Advantages of POP3 Disadvantages of POP3

• The message can be read offline also. • .POP3 does not provide the feature of real-time
• POP3 requires less storage space. synchronization.
• POP3 is easy to use and configure. • If an email consists of virus attachments it can affect the
• POP3 is supported by many email system easily.
applications. • At a time entire email folder can be discarded.
• POP3 does not support accessing the same email at the same
time on different systems.
 IMAP
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an application
layer protocol that operates as a contract for receiving emails
from the mail server. It was designed by Mark Crispin in 1986
as a remote access mailbox protocol, the current version of
IMAP is IMAP4. It is used as the most commonly used protocol
for retrieving emails. This term is also known as Internet mail
access protocol, Interactive mail access protocol, and Interim
mail access protocol.

Advantages of IMAP Disadvantages of IMAP

• It offers synchronization across all the • IMAP is complex to maintain.

maintained sessions by the user. • Emails of the user are only available when there is an internet
• It provides security over POP3 protocol as the connection.
email only exists on the IMAP server. • It is slower to load messages.
• Users have remote access to all the contents.
 SNM
P
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is majorly used by the administrator to monitor
the networking devices. Implementing this protocol would reduce the efforts to login to each of
the devices and verify all the logs and ensures that the network is reliable at all times by
informing the administrator about any suspicious logs/activity based on the configuration and is
widely accepted.

Advantages of SNMP Disadvantages of SNMP

• Simplifies network management by monitoring • Vulnerable to security risks due to weak authentication in older
devices remotely. versions.
• Supports scalability with minimal network • Limited control functions (mostly monitoring, not configuring).
impact. • Performance overhead on large networks with excessive
• Enables real-time alerts for quick polling.
troubleshooting.
 DN
S
DNS (Domain Name System) allows you to interact with
devices on the Internet without having to remember long
strings of numbers. Domain Name System (DNS) is a
hostname used for IP address translation services. DNS
is a distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of
name servers. It is an application layer protocol for
message exchange between clients and servers. It is
required for the functioning of the Internet.

Advantages of DNS Disadvantages of DNS

• Simplifies navigation by converting domain • Simplifies navigation by converting domain names to IP

names to IP addresses. addresses.
• Distributed system enhances reliability and • Distributed system enhances reliability and scalability.
scalability. • Caching improves speed for frequently accessed websites.
• Caching improves speed for frequently
accessed websites.
 DHC
P Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network
protocol used to automate the process of assigning
IP addresses and other network configuration
parameters to devices (such as computers,
smartphones, and printers) on a network. Instead of
manually configuring each device with an IP address,
DHCP allows devices to connect to a network and
receive all necessary network information, like IP
address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS
server addresses, automatically from a DHCP server.

Advantages of DNS Disadvantages of DNS

• Automatically assigns IP addresses, reducing • Single point of failure if the DHCP server goes down.
manual configuration. • Potential IP conflicts if leases aren't managed properly.
• Centralized management simplifies network • Not suitable for devices needing static IP addresses (e.g.,
administration. servers).
• Efficiently reallocates IP addresses, optimizing
network resources.
Thank You