Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 3 views

    WEEK6 PPT

    Uploaded by

    Ofelia Oredina

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    WEEK6 PPT

    Uploaded by

    Ofelia Oredina
    3 views41 pages

    Original Title

    WEEK6ppt

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views41 pages

    WEEK6 PPT

    Uploaded by

    Ofelia Oredina

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 41

    UNDERSTANDING

    the
    NORMAL CURVE
    RECA
    P
    Standard Normal Curve
    & Empirical Rule

    RECA
    z - score

    RECA
    z – table
    Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve

    RECA
    Four-Step Process in Finding
    the Areas Under the Normal
    Curve Given a z-Value
    • Step 1: Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.
    • Step 2: Using the z-Table, find the first two digits on the
    left column.
    • Step 3: Match the third digit with the appropriate column
    on the right.
    • Step 4: Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of
    the row and the column. This is the required area.

    RECA
    LESS
    ON
    Deriving Formulas
    Determining Probabilities
    Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve

    ▪Case 1: P ( z < a ) – denotes the probability that


    the z-score is less than a.
    ▪Case 2: P ( z > a ) – denotes the probability that
    the z-score is greater than a.
    ▪Case 3: P ( a < z < b ) – denotes the probability
    that the z-score is between a and b.
    ▪Case 4: P ( z = a ) – denotes the probability that
    the z-score is equal to 0.
    where a and b are z-scores.
    CASE-1
    Illustrative
    examples
    ▪P ( z < a ) – denotes the
    probability that the z-
    score is less than a.

    Key Words:
    “less than z”
    “at most z”
    “no more than z”
    “not greater than z”
    “to the left of z”
    “below z”
    CASE
    -1
    exampl
    ▪Find the area to the left
    e
    of z = -1.5

    STEPS
    1. Draw a standard normal
    curve.
    2. Locate the z-value.
    3. Draw a line through the z-
    value.
    4. Shade the required region.
    5. Find the area that
    correspond to z = -1.5 on
    the z-table. P ( z < -1.5 ) =
    6. Equate the area to its
    probability notation
    0.0668/6.68%
    CASE-2
    Illustrative
    examples
    ▪P ( z > a ) – denotes the
    probability that the z-
    score is greater than a.

    Key Words:
    “greater than z”
    “at least z”
    “more than z”
    “to the right of z”
    “above z”
    CASE-
    2
    exampl
    ▪Find the area greater
    than z =e1
    STEPS
    1. Draw a standard normal
    curve.
    2. Locate the z-value.
    3. Draw a line through the z-
    value.
    4. Shade the required region.
    5. Find the area that correspond
    to z = 1 on the z-table. P ( z > 1 ) = 1 – 0.8413
    6. Subtract the area from 1
    7. Equate the difference to its
    P ( z > 1) =
    probability notation 0.1587/15.87%
    CASE-3
    Illustrative
    examples
    ▪P ( a < z < b ) – denotes
    the probability that the z-
    score is between a and b.

    Key Word:
    “between”
    “from…to…”
    CASE-
    3
    exampl
    ▪Find the area between
    e and z = 2.58
    z = -0.98
    STEPS
    1. Draw a standard normal curve.
    2. Locate the two z-values.
    3. Draw lines through the z-
    values.
    4.
    5.
    Shade the required region.
    Find the area that correspond
    P ( z < 2.58 ) = 0.9951
    to z = -0.98 and z = 2.58 on the
    z-table.
    P ( z < -0.98 ) = 0.1635
    6. Find the difference of the twoa
    areas. LARGER AREA MINUS 0.9951 – 0.1635
    SMALLER AREA
    7. Equate the area to its P ( -0.98 < z < 2.58) =
    probability notation
    0.8316/83.16%
    CASE- NO hint for direction, and
    4 since no region will be shaded
    example
    ▪Find the area of z = 1.38
    then THERE IS NO AREA

    STEPS
    1. Draw a standard normal
    curve.
    2. Locate the z-value.
    3. Draw a line through the z-
    value.
    4. Shade the required region.
    5. Equate the area to its
    probability notation
    P ( z = 1.38 )
    =0
    Exercises
    Locating Percentile
    Under the Normal Curve
    For any set of measurements (arranged in
    ascending or descending order), a percentile (or a
    centile) is a point in the distribution such that a
    given number of cases is below it.

    A percentile is a measure of relative standing. It


    is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a
    measurement to the rest of the data.
    Locating Percentile
    Under the Normal Curve
    For example, in a test in Algebra, you got a score
    of 82 and you want to know how you fared in
    comparison with your classmates. If your teacher
    tells you that you scored at the 90th percentile, it
    means that 90% of the grades were lower than
    yours and 10% were higher.

    And if you were asked to find the 90th percentile,


    By definition of 90th percentile (P90) this means
    locating an area “before” (or below) the point. We
    Example - Find the 95th percentile of a
    normal curve.
    1 95th Percentile 🡪 95%
    95% = 0.9500
    Look for 0.9500 on the z-table
    If there is no exact area on the
    table, get the closest higher area.

    Then get its corresponding z-


    score
    z = 1.65

    The shaded region is the


    95% of the distribution.
    Example - Find the upper 10% of the
    normal curve
    2 Upper 10% is also 90th
    Percentile
    90th Percentile 🡪 90%
    90% = 0.9000
    Look for 0.9000 on the z-table
    If there is no exact area on the
    table, get the closest higher area.

    Then get its corresponding z-


    score
    z = 1.29
    The shaded region is the
    upper 10% of the normal
    curve
    Exercises
    : In a job fair sponsored by the 3 big companies, 2500 applicants
    applied for a job.Their mean age was found to be 35 with a
    standard deviation of 5 years.
    a. Draw a normal curve distribution showing the z-scores and
    the raw scores.
    b. b. What is the probability of the job applicants who are
    below 33 years old?
    c. c. How many applicants have ages between 28 and 44 years?
    d. d. Find the percentage of the applicants who are above 39
    years old
    Answer in b.
    Step 1: Find z, when X = 33, µ = 35, σ = 5 Use the formula

    Substituting to the formula:

    Step 2: Refer to the z-Table. Locate the area -0.40 and corresponds to 0.3446.
    Step 3: Draw a line and shade the region to the left of z=-0.40.
    Answer
    Step 1: Find z, using the formula in c.
    Substituting to the formula: when X=28, µ=35, σ=5 ; for X=44, µ=35, σ=5

    Step 2: Refer to the z-Table. Locate the area z=-1.4 and z=1.8, these correspond

    to 0.0808 and 0.9641.


    Step 3: Examine the graph and use probability notation
    P (a<z<a)
    P(-1.4<z<-1.4)

    = 0.9641 – 0.0808
    Step 4: Find the 88.33% of 2500.

    (0.8833)(2500)=2,202.25 (Note: Round – up 2,202.25 is 2,203.)

    Thus, the number of applicants ages between 28 and 44 years is 2,203.


    Answer in d.
    Step 1: Find z, when X=39, µ=35, σ=5. Use the formula :
    Substituting to the formula:

    Step 2: Refer to the z-Table. Locate the area of z=0.80 and it corresponds to 0.7881
    Step 3: Draw a line and shade the region to the right of z=0.80
    Step 4: Examine the graph and use probability notation
    Exercises
    Find x 60% is below it 60% = 0.6000
    Look for 0.6000 on the z-table
    If there is no exact area on the
    table, get the closest higher area.
    0.6026
    Then get its corresponding z-score
    z = 0.26

    X= (0.26)(4.5) +30
    X= (0.26)(4.5) +30
    X= 32
    Exercises
    a. Draw a normal curve distribution showing the z-
    scores and the raw scores.
    a. Given:
    X= 3000; µ = 28; σ = 4

    16 20 24 28 32 36 40
    b. How many applicants are below 20 years old?
    ) Answer in b.
    Step 1: Find z, when X = 20, µ = 28, σ = 4 Use the formula

    Substituting to the formula:

    Z = (20 – 28) / 4
    Z = -2
    Step 2: Refer to the z-Table. Locate the area -2 and corresponds to 0.0228.

    Step 3: (0.0228) (3000) = 64 applicants are below 20 yrs old


    c. How many applicants are above 32 years old?
    ) Answer in c.
    Step 1: Find z, when X = 32, µ = 28, σ = 4 Use the formula

    Substituting to the formula:


    Z = (32 – 28) / 4
    Z=1
    Step 2: Refer to the z-Table. Locate the area 1 and corresponds to 0.8417.
    Step 3: Draw a line and shade the region to the right of z=1
    Step 4: Examine the graph and use probability notation

    P(z > a) = 1 – P(z>a) P(z > a) = (0.1587)(3000)


    P(z > 1) = 1 – P(z>1) = 476.1

    = 1 – 0.8417 = 477 applicants


    above 32 yrs old
    = 0.1587/15.87%
    c. How many have ages between 24 and 32 years old?
    Answer
    Step 1: Find z, using the formula in c.
    Substituting to the formula: when X=24, µ=28, σ=4 ; for X=32, µ=28, σ=4

    Z = (24 – 28) / 4 Z = (32 – 28) / 4


    Z = -4 / 4 Z=4/4
    Z = -1 Z=1
    Step 2: Refer to the z-Table. Locate the area z=-1 and z=1, these correspond
    to 0.1587 and 0.8413
    Step 3: Examine the graph and use probability notation
    P (a<z<a) = (0.6826)(3000)
    P(-1<z<1) = 0.8413 – 0.1587 = 2,047.8
    = 0.8413 – 0.1587 = 2,048 applicants between 24 and 32
    = 0.6826 yrs old
    e. Find the age such that 75% is below it
    75% below is also equivalent to 25% = 25th
    25% percentile
    Look for 0.2500 on the z-table
    If there is no exact area on the table, get the
    closest higher area.

    0.2514
    Then get its corresponding z-score
    z = -0.67

    X= (-0.67)(4) +28
    X= 25.32
    X= 26
    Exercises
    a. What is the probability that a child, picked at random has a
    ) height greater than 110 cm?
    Answer in a.
    Step 1: Find z, when X = 116, µ = 110, σ = 6
    Substituting to the formula:
    P(z > a) = 1 – P(z>a)

    Z = (116-110) / 6 P(z > 1) = 1 – P(z>1)


    Z=1 = 1 – 0.8413
    = 0.1587/15.87%

    92 98 104 110 116 122 128


    a. What is the probability that a child, picked at random has a
    ) height of less than 104 cm?
    Answer in a.
    Step 1: Find z, when X = 104, µ = 110, σ = 6
    Substituting to the formula:
    P(z < a) = 0.1587

    Z = (104-110) / 6 = 0.1587/15.87%
    Z = -1

    92 98 104 110 116 122 128


    c. How many children belong to the upper 15% of the group ?
    ) Upper 15% is also equivalent to
    85%
    Look for 0.8500 on the z-table
    If there is no exact area on the table, get the
    closest higher area.

    0.8508
    Then get its corresponding z-score
    z = 1.4

    X= (1.4)(6) + 110
    X= 118.4
    X= 119

    You might also like