COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PRESENTATION

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY

CIKARANG, 2022

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 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PRESENTATION

COMPUTER

 Editing, drawing
 A tool for storing and retrieving large data
 Number cruncher
 Artificial intelligence (AI), decision making

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Engineering revolution:

 Use of computers
 Writing in matrix form
 Reformatting engineering problems

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 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PRESENTATION

HIGH LEVEL COMPUTERS:

 Understood only by the programmers

 Computers only understand machine language
(ASSEMBLER)
 Has to be translated to machine language
(compiled)
 Fortran, Pascal, Cobol etc.
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 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PRESENTATION

EXAMPLE:

 By MS –DOS, create program named X.FOR IN FORTRAN

 Then, compiled to change to X.OBJ TO ASSEMBLER language
 Assembled with MATH.LIB and FORTRAN.LIB to have X.EXE
 Prepare data file X.DAT
 Run X.EXE, read X.DAT, execute and store the result in X,OUT

 X.FOR

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SOURCE PROGRAM (X.FOR):

• can be modified
• Can be copied
• Can be compiled
• Can not be run (loaded)

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OBJECT CODE (X.OBJ):

• can be copied
• can not be modified
• can not be recompiled
• can not be run (loaded)

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IMAGE (X.EXE):

• can be copied
• can not be modified
• can not be recompiled
• can be run (loaded)

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FORTRAN HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE:

• The name: FORmula TRANslation

• Invented in 1956 BY John Backus at IBM

• Improving version: Fortran 66, 77 and 90

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FORTRAN HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE:

• Program written in lower level may run in higher level

• Have several higher level, such as BASIC
• Better use standard form of Fortran, so may be developed
in easier fashion
• Using standard form of Fortran, may run in different
computer brand
• Using Fortran 77 is better
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CODING RULES:

 At column 1, write C or any number or alphabet that

means comments
 Column 2-5: statement label
 Coding statements at column 7 - 72
 Continuation at column 6 by using + or any other signs
 Input lines starting at column 1 and ends at column 72
 Output lines from column 1 until column 120
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PROGRAM STRUCTURE:

• PROGRAM
• eclaration

• STOP
• END

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1234567

PROGRAM COBA:

PROGRAM COBA
REAL*8 A(5,5)
C
OPEN(UNIT=3,FILENAME=‘COBA.DAT’, STATUS=‘OLD’
OPEN(UNIT=4,FILENAME=COBA.OUT’,STATUS=‘UNKNOWN’
C
DO 10 I=1,5
READ(3,1001) (A(I,J),J=1,5)
10 CONTINUE
.
STOP
END

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PROGRAM COBA:

 Write codes COBA.FOR

 Compile to make COBA.OBJ
 Link COBA.OBJ with MATH.LIB and FORTRAN.LIB to make
COBA.EXE
 Prepare data file COBA.DAT
 Run COBA.EXE: Read data, execute and create output file
COBA.OUT

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CONSTANTS AND ARRAYS:

 Constants: single fixed value

 Arrays: coding form of matrix

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TYPES:

 CHARACTERS: NAME, OPSI

 REAL CONSTANTS AND ARRAYS

REAL*8 STIF A(4,4), INDEX

 INTEGER NUMBERS AND ARRAYS

INTEGER LOAD(3,3), PLOAD
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PROGRAM AND SUBPROGRAM(S):

 If program becomes too long, it will be difficult to

compile and debugging
 Similar computation may be grouped in a subprogram
 A program may be divided into a main program and
several subprograms
 Easy to compile and debugging separately

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SUBPROGRAMS:

 SUBROUTINE

 FUNCTION

 (COMMON)

 (DATA)
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SUBROUTINE:

 Receive large amount of data from main program

 Execute the data

 Return the results at once to the main program

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SUBROUTINE:
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PROGRAM MAIN
REAL*8 A(10)
C
CALL READIN(A,2,3)
STOP
END
C
SUBROUTINE READIN(X,M,N)
REAL*8 X(M,*)
.
RETURN
END

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SUBROUTINE:

 The program MAIN agitates the subroutine by issuing CALL statement

 The memory A with 10 members long, is passed to the subroutine as X as two

dimension array; M becomes 2 and N becomes 3.

 X is a dummy array with has no memory, and the routine is allowed to work on the
memory of array A.

 After execution, the routine sends beck the result to the main program at the
RETURN statement

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FUNCTION:

 The program MAIN agitates the FUNCTION by calling its name

 The function executes the task

 The result is sent back to the main program by the function through its name

 The function returns only a sing le value

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1234567
PROGRAM MAIN
REAL*8 ADD
C
SUM = SUM +ADD(2.,3.0)
STOP
END
REAL FUNCTION ADD(X,Y)
REAL*8 ADD
ADD=X+Y
RETURN
END

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INPUT/OUTPUT:

 Inputting by reading an already input file

 Outputting is by writing on an already opened output file

 Two kinds of number format:

F format: 10F8.3: -1234.567

E format:10E8.3

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FORMATTED/UNFORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT:

 Formatted input/output

READ(3,1001) A(6)
1001 FORMAT(E10.3)
.
READ(3,1002) MM(2)
1001 FORMAT(I5)
.
. WRITE(4,1001) A6)
.
WRITE(4,1001) MM(2)

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FORMATTED/UNFORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT:

 Formatted input/output

format precisely

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FORMATTED/UNFORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT:

 Unformatted input/output

READ(3,*) A(6)
.
READ(3,*) MM(2)
.
WRITE(4,*) A6)
.
WRITE(4,*) MM(2)

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FORMATTED/UNFORMATTED INPUT/OUTPUT:

 Unformatted input/output

the value

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS III PRESENTATION

….. THANK YOU …..

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