EDUCATIONAL MEDIA AND

TECHNOLOGY (EMT)

NSED 1102
Semester I 2024/2025
HELEN KAPINGA
ROOM NO. 211- COSTE
 Course Aim

This course is designed to introduce educational students

to the concept of Production and application of
instructional media materials for effective teaching and
learning.
It provides students teachers with an opportunity to
develop instructional materials based on their areas of
specialization and using not only local resources, but
integrating newly incoming electronic technology into
effective classroom interaction
 4 MODULES

1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TYPES OF

EDUCATIONAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
2. COMMUNICATION IN TEACHING AND
LEARNING PROCESS
3. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR/OVERHEAD
TRANSPARENCY PROJECTOR (OHP/OTP)
4. FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE NEWLY
INCOMING TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION
 8 TOPICS
1. Introduction to media, technology and learning
2. Effective planning and utilizing media
3. Principles of visuals in instruction
4. Projected and non projected media materials
5. Computer use in the classroom
6. Distance learning
7. Past, present and future trends in media and technology
8. Media selection
 MODE OF ASSESMENT

CA = 40%

Test one 15 marks

Test two 15 marks
Medium Presentation 10 marks
SE = 60%

TOTAL CA + SE= 100%

 MODULE 1:

INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA,
TECHNOLOGY AND
LEARNING
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
USED IN EMT

MEDIA

Is any means through which information is

communicated between people. example chalk,
boards, symbols, pictures, real objects, language,
newspapers, radio, TV, and internet etc
Cont…
In educational settings, media is used in
classrooms to easily pass instructional
materials to learners. This may be
verbal, nonverbal, written and or on-
line conversation.

Media is a plural form of medium.

 Cont...

Education media
These are any means of communication between the
teacher and learner that allow interaction and feedback
between the two parties
Are things used in the classroom to aid teaching,
training, learning etc.
The media is intended to change a learner’s behavior in a
classroom setting, sooner or later.
 EDUCATION MEDIA

These media could be printed or non-printed, projected

or non –projected or could be traditional or modern.
Media plays an important role in education by
simplifying the teaching and learning processes. Media
make the content more simplified to teachers and
understandable to the learner
CONT...

Forms of educational media

• Audio media: Radio
• Printed media: books, news paper
• Visual media: chalk board, charts, posters
• Audio-visual media: video, Film
• Electronic media: CD, DVD, computer, TV
• Tactaile media: Braille materials/printout
 EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY

Technology

The word technology is derived from two Greek words; -

Techno (technique/how) and -Logy (knowledge/study).
Technology=Technical know-how or technical knowledge.
 Technology cont.....

 Man uses materials sources of power, machines and tools

to make work easier and productive in the sake of satisfying
his/her needs/wants.
Is a scientific method or technique of achieving a practical
purpose to improve human condition
Refers to tools, techniques, methods and processes that
human use to solve problems, perform task, or to
improve efficiency
 Educational technology cont …

Is a scientific approach of solving educational problems.

It involves the application of technology (digital tools)

to support teaching and learning in educational
institutions
.
Is concerned with the development, application and
evaluation of systems, techniques and aids to improve the
process of human learning
 Educational technology cont...

Means utilizing available resources in a systematic way

in order to optimize teaching and learning process.

Also it refers to the use of technology to enhence

learning, teaching and educational processes.

Example of educational technology includes online

learning platforms, interactive whiteboards, digital
textbooks, educational apps etc.
 Role of educational technology in teaching
and learning
Students learn fast and can adapt to change easily
Technology can help in decreasing the drop out and
enhencement in their learning abilities
Technology make the lesson more enjoyable activity
Technology facilitate and make easy tracking of school
records
Technology easy the office work
 Education Media and Technology

Is the development (process involving learners from start to

evaluation) and evaluation (how much has the learners
achieved the applied media and technology) of a system of
techniques (technology) and aids (media) so as to improve
the teaching to– learning in conveying the content
(message) to learners
Education Media and Technology cont …

A systematic way of designing, implementing and

evaluating the total process of learning and teaching
by employing a combination of human and scientific
equipment to bring about effective instruction:
(Coffey 1977)
 LEARNING

Is a measurable and relatively permanent change in

behaviour brought about by experience, instruction or
study.

Is the act of acquiring new or modifying existing

knowledge, behaviours, skills and values
 INSTRUCTION

It is the transfer of learning from one person to another.

Any time you are given directions or told how to do
something you are receiving instruction.

The activity of educating /activities that impart knowledge

and skills.
Task :
Distinguish between learning and instruction
 Cont …
• Learning is the process through which individual acquire
new knowledge, skills, attitudes or behaviour. Learning is
personal and internal experience that leads to achange in
understanding or abilities.
• Instruction refers to the structured process of teaching or
guiding learners towards understanding specific
knowledge or skills. It is external guidance that aim to
support learning process.
• instruction aim to facilitate learning. Learning may or
my not occur without instruction
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media include
Audio media
These are teaching-learning devices that appeal to the
auditory sense (ear). They consist of radio sets; audio
recording machines such as audiotapes, disc machines,
and telephones.
Visual Media
These instructional media appeal to the sense of seeing
(eyes). Most graphics are in this family of instructional
media. They include: pictures, photographs, diagrams,
chart and cartoons, still pictures such as slides, filmstrips,
and transparencies.
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont …
Audio/visual (A/V)-materials that can produce
sound/picture when projected on a screen (audible and
visible)
These instructional materials can provide information in
form of pictures and audio effect, in form of
commentaries on the pictures simultaneously. Examples
of media in this category are: the television,
videotape player, filmstrip/slides with in-built or
synchronized sound.
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont…

Learning aids- resources designed to assist individual

learners or trainees in learning and understanding process

Training (instructional) materials-set of materials designed

to direct the learner how to proceed with a unit or course of
study

Learning resources- anything around that can facilitate

effective learning. Eg. Books, handout, electronic materials,
etc
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont…
• Teaching and learning resources:
This include human and non human resources. they
includes aids, media, technology, people, educators etc.
Example of teaching and learning resources
Human resources :teachers, students, experts
Objects: magnetic bar,
Specimen
Places: historical sites, nationla forest waterfalls
Outdoor laboratories: studios
Libraries
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont…
Broadcast / Telecommunication Media
These are media through which information is
disseminated to the mass of people/audience that are
scattered over a wide distance. Common examples among
this family of these broadcast media are the radio, the
television, and the newspapers.
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont…
Projected Media
Projected media belong to a group of instructional
resources which can only be accessed by means of
displaying their content on the screen/wall using
a projector machine specifically designed for the
purpose. Therefore, projected media are usually a
combination of software and hardware.
Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont…
Model
is a representation of an idea, object, event, process
or system.
Models and modeling play a crucial role in science
practice. One justification for their inclusion in
science teaching is that they contribute to an
‘authentic’ science education, where teaching
reflects the nature of science as much as possible
 Other commonly used terms to educational
media cont…
Multi-Image : When two or more pictures are presented
simultaneously on one or more screen for group viewing.

Multi-Media : when more than one type of media are used

sequentially in a presentation as learning resources.
 Other commonly used terms to
educational media cont…
Teaching-learning resources
Are information represented, accessible or stored in a
variety of media and formats and that can be used in the
classroom to facilitate teaching and learning.

Anything around that can facilitate effective learning e.g.

human, books, specimens, handouts, electronic materials,
real objects etc.
 Other commonly used terms to educational
media cont…
Realia (Real things)
are objects from real life used in classroom
instruction by educators to improve students'
understanding of other cultures and real-life
situations.
refers to objects or items from real life, which
are used in the classroom to illustrate and
teach vocabulary
Why should we use realia in
classrooms?
They arouse learners’ interests.
Students have chance to practice real life situations.
Students will clearly understand the reasons they are
learning a particular content.
 Types of educational media
There are two major categories of education media
Traditional media
Modern media
Others categorize media into printed and non-printed.
Non-printed are further divided into projected and
non-projected
Other scholar such as Schramm (1966) categorizes media
into two categories:-
Big media
Little media
 Types cont…
I. Traditional media
Are materials which are locally produced
Refers to the simple, cheap and easy media to operate
locally produced media used by our grand parents in
teaching and learning
example plants, drums, songs, pictures, simple machines
(hoes), books, handouts, fliers, objects and specimen
 Types cont…

II. Modern media

Are advanced technology which are used to facilitate

learning example electronic equipments such as
computers, television, digital radios, video tapes,
receivers, flexible OHPs, websites, internets, digital
cameras
 2. Printed and Non-Printed Media
I. Printed-Media (Printed Visual Media)
These are the kind of media that can be produced by using
ink, pressed on paper or any other writing material for the
purposes of serving instructional moative. E.g. charts, news
papers, maps, books, magazines, etc.
Advantage of printed media
 Have wide variety of application
 Simple to prepare
 Permit quality production
Dis advantage of printed media
 Cost fully
 Requires the ability to read
 Cont…

II. Non-Printed Media

These are the media that cannot be printed for serving
instructional or informational purposes.

example, projectors, overhead projectors (OHPs), sound

film projectors, transparencies, video cassettes and tape
recorders
 Projected and non projected

Projected Visual Media

These are media that use projection equipment to throw an

image from one machine to another eg projectors ( slide,
video, sound film projectors), video tape recorders VTRS),
Video cassettes and tape recorders.
 Non-Projected Visual Media
Non-projected visual media

These are the media that do not have images for

projection purposes. Such materials can be simply shown,
hung on the wall, touched and handled by any student. E.g
maps, graphs e.t.c
 3. Big media and Little media

Big media refer to complex media which are expensive

and difficult to operate example projectors,TV, computers
etc.

Little media refers to simple to operate and inexpensive

media. Examples are books, fliers, handouts, models,
specimens, etc
 SCHOLARS &PERSPECTIVES
ON EDUCATIONAL MEDIA
Johan Amos Comenius (1592 – 1670)
Czech educator. Published a book in 1658 called “ Orbis
Sensualism Pictus” (The visible world in Pictures)
This book was the first illustrated text book which became
very popular in Europe for about 200 years.
He believed that in teaching and learning
process, all learning enters the mind through
senses. Lessons should proceed from easy to
complex at a slow and meaning ful pace.
Teachers are needed to identify their students'
stages of development and match the level of
instruction accordingly.
 Cont …
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
A Swiss philosopher, born in Geneva, provided
instructions in natural surroundings.
He wrote a book called “Emil” where he advocated that
pupils should learn from things- activities.
He opposed Bookish style of Education which was
dominant in French.
Cont …

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827)

 Thinking must base on accurate observation of real
objects.
 For him, words and ideas have only meaning in relation to
concrete things.
 In 1805 Pestalozzi founded his school at Yverdon,
Switzerland and its curriculum was based on pupils’
activities
 He insisted on the use of models, maps, field trips etc in
instruction.
 Pestalozzi’s ideas about Education were forerunners of
modern thought about Education.
 Students should be free to pursue their own interests and
draw their own conclusions.
Cont …

Johann Friedrich Herbert (1776 – 1841)

A German Scholar who admired Pestalozzi’s
methods of instructions.
He propounded a theory of Apperception
which provide a theoretical backing for
Pestalozzi’s teaching.
 He proposed that teaching should begin
with presentation of masses (Objects,
models, etc),which the child has experience.
 Basically he focused on teaching from
simple to complex.
Cont …

What is common on these Scholars?

All Scholars tend to concur on the importance of
using sensory organs in teaching and learning
process.
They believe that good teachers throughout the
world are aware that children remember what they
see better than what they hear only.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA
There are two major characteristics.
They are audio, visual or a combination of the two.

They are either felt or tested. A blind student, for instance,

feels Braille characters while visually normal students see
character in a written text.
 THE ROLES OF MEDIA IN EDUCATION

Precisely educational media materials perform the

following functions in a learning process:

Stimulation of students’ interest

In teaching-learning process, there is the need to generate,
arouse, motivate and maintain students’ interest.

It addresses individual differences.

 Cont …

Concretizing abstract issues or topics in

lesson
The use of instructional materials in social
studies makes learning real, practical and more
permanent to the learners.
It makes conceptual abstraction in different
topics more meaningful.
Esu (2004) argues that instructional materials
are valuable assets in learning situations
because they make lessons practical and
realistic.
 Cont …

Creating effective communication

Instructional materials if properly used allow for a flow and
transmission of idea from the teacher to the students and
likewise from the students to the teacher or from one group
to another.

• The learners will be able to see, touch and spell what is

being talked about by the teacher and be curious to ask
questions that would be very helpful for effective
evaluation.
 Cont …
Helps in continuity of reasoning and coherence of thought
The use of instructional materials helps the learners on
providing integrated experiences which may vary from
disciplines, which makes the end product of education more
productive.
Students are exposed to the real nature of those concepts or
body of knowledge for the proper application in their daily
lives.
Improving teaching methodologies
With the use of instructional materials, the teacher is able to
edit, try and retry, alter and delete his activities to fit the
standard of the students and also to effectively address the
 Cont …

Saving time and reducing verbalism

Emma and Ajayi (2004) assert that, figuratively speaking,
instructional materials enable the teacher to be in more
than one place at a time and to address several issues at a
time.
For example, a video material could be on while the teacher
moves around to explain to individuals students the subject
contents in response to requests based on individual
differences. While the video material continues providing
details, the teacher also becomes part of the listening
audience.
An Over view of Educational Technology in
Classroom Today

Recent research about human learning has

transformed traditional learning methods into an
electronic-oriented learning environment including
e-learning.
PowerPoint presentations are gradually replacing the
traditional “talking and chalking” and where
necessary for a teacher to make notes or sketches for
the class, a white PowerPoin board is used instead of
the traditional blackboard.
Computers are also increasingly becoming a
common feature in advanced learning environments .
 USES OF TECHNOLOGY/PURPOSE/
ADVANTAGES
Technology is used in the following ways:
i. To plan lesson
ii. To prepare a media
iii. To organise content carefully
iv. Make lesson more interested to learners
v. It make learning to be more interactive
vi. Reduce time required for instruction
vii. It facilitate learners attention
 Contributions of Media in Education

Support the sensory organs to maximize effective

communication. E.g.
• Use of an amplifier and a microphone supports effective
hearing.
• Enlarged images of small objects help the learner to see
details otherwise impossible to be seen with the the naked
eyes
 Contributions of Media in
Education
Improve the quality of learning (ie: involve more senses)
Teachers’ instruction can be accessed at any convenient
time and place
Deliver instruction that are standardized. All students
receive the same amount and type of learning materials
when videos or computers re used
Contributions of Media in Education
Helps teachers to carefully plan and organize the content.
For example, usually teachers use some specific criteria to
select media in relation to a nature of a topic i.e. are media
available to carter for a given topic.

Change chalk and talk instruction to interactive

instruction
 Contributions of Media in Education
cont …
Make instructions more interesting and focused. For
example, if various media such as video, TV programs
are carefully prepared by expert teachers, the media can
easily capture the learners’ interests

Make learning more interactive in operation looking at

the media or by asking questions from fellow learner’s.
e.g. when using a video and computer.
 Contributions of Media in Education
cont …
Enhance retention.
Provide first-hand experience with the realities of the
physical and social environment.
Encourage active participation by learners.
Save time (ie: explaining concepts etc).
Delivery of instruction becomes systematic and
standardized
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