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Classification of Memories

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74 views17 pages

Classification of Memories

Uploaded by

samsonimmanuel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Memory Devices

Random Access Memory (RAM)

• RAM is called "Random Access Memory" because through it any


storage location can be accessed directly. RAM belongs to the
class of volatile memory which means if the power supplied to
the system goes OFF, then data stored inside the RAM will get
lost, that is why RAM is generally used to store only temporary
data. Hence, RAM is also known as data memory.
• Memory Write operation can be defined as the process of
storing new information into memory.
• Memory Read operation can be defined as the process of
transferring the stored information out of memory.
• A RAM is capable of performing both Read and Write operations
that is why it is also called Read/Write
Block Diagram of
RAM
• the size of RAM is 2K * N, it means RAM consists of 2K memory
locations and each memory location has a size of n-bits.

• The communication between memory and other devices can


be achieved through data lines. Each data line carries one bit
of binary information. Data lines are bidirectional in nature,
but at any time they act as either input or output lines.

• During memory write operation data lines act as input lines.


An address line carries the desired memory location address
for memory read or writes operation.
• Read / Write is a control signal. It is used to select either
Read or Write operation. If Read / Write =0, then RAM
performs write operation. RAM enables or performs
either read or write operation only when its Chip Select
(CS) or Memory Enable (MEN) input is high. If CS=0,
then RAM is disabled.
RAM Types
• Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM): SRAM
consists of flip-flops to store binary information.
• Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM): DRAM
consists of CMOS transistors and capacitors. It stored
the binary information in the form of electric charges on
capacitors.
Memory Read operation steps:
• Step 1: Apply the binary address of the desired word to the
address lines.
• Step 2: Activate the read input.
• The memory unit then takes the bits from the word that already
has been selected by the address and all of them are then applied
to the output data lines. Hence, the content of the selected word
doesn't change after the reading process is completed.

• Access Time: It is the memory device operating speed. It is


defined as the time required to perform the read (or) write
operation.
Timing Diagram for Memory Read
Operation
Memory Write operation steps:
• Step 1: Apply the binary address of the desired word to
the address lines.
• Step 2: Apply the data bits that must be stored in
memory to the data input lines.
• Step 3: Activate the write input.
• The memory unit then takes the bits from the input data
lines and stores them in the words which are specified
by the address lines.
Timing Diagram for Memory Write
Operation
RAM Organization
Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• Stores crucial information essential to operate the


system, like the program essential to boot the
computer.
• It is non-volatile.
• Always retains its data.
• Used in embedded systems or where the programming
needs no change.
• Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
• ROM is further classified into four types- MROM, PROM,
EPROM, and EEPROM.
Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM)
•PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can
be programmed by the user. Once programmed, the
data and instructions in it cannot be changed.
•EPROM (Erasable Programmable read-only
memory) – It can be reprogrammed. To erase data from
it, expose it to ultraviolet light. To reprogram it, erase all
the previous data.
•EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable
read-only memory) – The data can be erased by
applying an electric field, with no need for ultraviolet
light. We can erase only portions of the chip.
•MROM(Mask ROM) – Mask ROM is a kind of read-only
memory, that is masked off at the time of production.

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