PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

DEFINITION OF RESEARCH AND ITS

VARIOUS TYPES
0BJECTIVES:

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

a. define what is research (CS_RS11-IIIa-1)
b. Identify different types of research.
Say Something…
Nowadays society has many forms of problems that
require solutions. These solutions must be based on
facts, valid investigations, experiences and not just
on mere beliefs and suggestions. Indeed, to attain
such knowledge and accuracy, a systematic
procedure and well-planned research are required.
WHAT is Research?
Process of inquiring about the solution to the
problem, collecting data, and logically evaluating
information.

To develop good research, one must investigate

reliable information.
As students, understanding event around you requires systematic
studies in order to generate acceptable rationalization.
Research is a vital component of our course curriculum.

How then do we define research?

Research is a systematic investigation designed to extend the knowledge
of what is already known of the physical, biological, or social world”
(University of San Diego, para.1) on the other hand, Coryn (2007) define
research in three ways:

1. Research is truth seeking, which refers to research or

investigation, of or for a body of real things, events, or facts, or the
explanation of them.
2. Research describes,

which involves representing or giving an account of and explains which is

about giving reason for or cause of; both of which contribute to
knowledge.
3. Research is conducted and governed by those who have the
requisite proficiency or expertise;

meaning research is conducted by one who is an expert in a branch of

knowledge derived from training or experience.
Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create
facts and reach new inferences.

Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s
quality of life. Although it may take place in a different setting and may use different
methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable
knowledge (Walker, 2010).

Research is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized instruments and

steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to
address under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).

In most cases, research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions. It
must be a proper investigation and should reach a valid conclusion that would facilitate
the finding of answers to the questions. Some of these questions are: How can
research affect society? What is the impact of the research to daily life?
Types of Research
Four main types which also signifies the different purposes of a research.
These types were highlighted by Patton (1990) as follows:

1. Basic Research –
the purpose of this research is to understand and explain, i.e. the research is
interested in formulating and testing theoretical construct and propositions that
ideally generalize across time and space. It takes the form of the theory to explain
the phenomenon under I investigation to give its contribution to knowledge.

This research is more descriptive in nature, exploring, what, why, and how
questions.

This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but

increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the
scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers.
• Example:

Euzela may try to probe for answers as to why did the Phil-
IRI (PHILIPPINE INFORMAL READING INVENTORY)Naga
City Science is declining for the last 5 years.
2. Applied Research – the purpose of this research is to help people
understand the nature problems so that human beings can more
effectively control their environment.
(type of research pursues potential solutions to human and societal
problems).

This research is more prescriptive in nature, focusing on how

questions.

This scientific research is used in business, medicine, and

education.

• It focuses on intervention and giving solutions to a problem.

Example:
In order to probe why the Phil-IRI result is declining,
Euzela may determine the level of receptive and
productive vocabulary skills of the students first before
finding some intervention to develop these skills as salient
elements in comprehension test.
 Types of Research
3. Evaluation Research (summative and formative)- evaluation
research studies the processes and outcomes aimed at attempted
solution. The purpose of formative research is to improve human
intervention within specific conditions, such as activities, time, and
groups of people; the purpose of summative evaluation is to judge
the effectiveness of a program, policy, or product.
Example: The research group of Grade 12 Ruby may try to
investigate the effectiveness of a v vocabulary mobile application
in enhancing the vocabulary skills of the Junior High School
students.
 Types of Research
3. Evaluation Research (summative and formative)- evaluation
research studies the processes and outcomes aimed at attempted
solution. The purpose of formative research is to improve human
intervention within specific conditions, such as activities, time, and
groups of people; the purpose of summative evaluation is to judge
the effectiveness of a program, policy, or product.
Example: The research group of Grade 12 Ruby may try to
investigate the effectiveness of a v vocabulary mobile application
in enhancing the vocabulary skills of the Junior High School
students.
 Types of Research
4.Action Research- Action research aims at solving
specific problems within a program, organization, or
community. Patton (1990) described the design and data
collection in action research tend to be more informal, and
the people in the situation are directly involved in
gathering information and studying themselves.
Example: Enhancing the English language spelling
difficulties of Grade 7 students by assigning daily five
minutes dictation of unfamiliar words
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
“Research is to see what everybody else
has seen, and to think what nobody else
has thought.”

– Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
•  Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around
us. Through this, we get to know what people think, what people feel, and what people
do. For example, determining the attitude of the Senior High School students towards
the use of mobile phones in learning.

•  Research is important in our daily lives because it explains why things happen in
certain ways. Through this we get to understand different situations in our lives and
helps us identify the factors that hinder or facilitate why certain things fail. For example,
determining the factors that affect the development of the vocabulary skills of the
learners.

•  Research is important it predicts what will happen. Through this, we get to caution
ourselves in doing or not doing something; it warns us not to pursue an action, and
encourages us to continue a certain act, as well. For example, a student may try to use
an existing research result about career choices before deciding what course to be
taken in college.
•  Research is important because it evaluates what happened in our lives. It gives you
an idea why things are not turning out the way you wanted. It provides areas that you
need to improve in a program delivery. For example, a teacher can investigate how a
current program in a school is working.

•  Research is important because it helps us solve our problems. It provides us

relevant data in order to determine why people are against a certain government
program, for example through research, we can make necessary recommendations to
improve the government’s program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the
program.


• 

•  Whatever your reasons are for undertaking a research, any

data that you get would definitely be of value to you and may
influence you in your decisions in life.

For example, when you try to look into the most in demand
courses 10 years from now. Through research you will be able
to take a look into statistics that would likely influence in your
decision making.
KEY POINTS
Research is important in our daily life because it:
 describes what is happening.
 explains why things happen in certain ways
 predicts what will happen
 evaluates what happens in our lives
 helps us solve our problems
 influences you in your decisions in life
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS
OF RESEARCH
Objectives:

• Describes the characteristics, processes and ethics

of research.

• Identify the characteristics and processes of

research.

• Explain the importance of ethics in research

 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Conducting research is indeed very challenging; you need to undergo processes and
adhere to ethical principles. It has also characteristics such as:
•  Empirical – based on observations and experimentations of theories. This involves your
direct experiences in conducting research. As a researcher, you cannot just do any magic in
coming up with data; you need to experience in doing it.

•  Systematic- Your research follows orderly and sequential procedures; it must be based on
valid procedures and principles. You cannot just jump into conclusion with undergoing the
steps.

• Controlled- In research, all variables, except those that are tested/experimented on, are kept
constant.

•  Analytical – The data that you have gathered must be analyzed critically so that there is no
error in the coming up with interpretations.
•  Objective – As a researcher, your research must be
unbiased and logical. All findings must be logically based on
empirical data which are based on real life situations.

•  Original Work-This implies that the research requires

effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and
produce the data needed to complete the study.

•  Replicability – The research findings, research design

and procedures can be repeated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results
• Logical - refers to the systematic and reasoned approach
used to analyze data, draw conclusions, and solve problems.
It helps you evaluate evidence, avoid fallacies, and construct sound arguments.
• Cyclical- connotes a succession of events, flow, rotation;
instruments that continue to move until. the answer to the
question completes the cycle. This involves several stages, including analyzing
the problem, determining research methods, collecting data, analyzing and evaluating the data,
reporting and documenting the findings, and repeating the process.

• Methodical- refers to a systematic and structured way of

conducting research or solving a problem. It involves the use
of specific methods, techniques, and procedures to gather and
analyze data, as well as to draw conclusions and make
recommendations.
S
SPECIFIC
• GOALS
• VARIABLES
• LOCALE

M
Measurable
• QUANTIFIABLE DATA
• RESULTS

A
ATTAINABLE
• REALISTIC
• REASONABLE

R
RELEVANT
• APPROPRIATE TO THE CURRENT
TIME, PERIOD, AND SITUATION
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH

T
TIME BOUND
• WITHIN THE SPECIFED PERIOD OF
TIME
 DEFINE
RESEARCH STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH
COLLECT DATA
DEFINE
RESEARCH
PROBLEM PROBLEM

REVIEW OF THE
FORMULATE INTERPRET AND
RELATED ANALYZE DATA
HYPOTHESIS REPORT
LITERATURE
Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the Research
Processes:

• 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?

• 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?

• 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to

questions being studied?

• 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?

• 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
•
• 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?

• 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results

• A good research
always starts
with a good
problem. You can
observe people
or things, visit
places, read print
materials, or
consult experts
to find the • A research
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH

research
problem is vague
problem that is
at first. To give
right for you. The
you a vivid
research
picture of the
problem guides
whole research,
you in
you shall read
formulating the
various
hypothesis and
publications or
interpretation of
surf the internet
your findings so
to become aware
that you can
of the previous
formulate the
works already
right conclusion.
done. In doing
A good research
so, it could spur
problem is
an idea that can
important
be the subject of
because it is the
your
basis of all
investigation.
subsequent
The review of
research
related literature
activities you are
can be taken
going to
from science
undertake.
books,
Factors like area
magazines,
of interest,
journals,
availability of
newspapers, or
fund, socio-
even in the
economic
internet.
significance of
the study, and
the safety
measures to be
undertaken
should be
considered in
finding a good
research 2.
problem. 1. REVIEW
Identificat OF THE
ion of a RELATED
research LITERATU
problem RE
• After finding
your
research
problem, the
next step is
to formulate
your own
hypothesis. A • A research
hypothesis is design is the
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH

a theoretical blueprint of
statement in the research
solving a you are
logical going to
relationship undertake. It
between serves as
variables. Do the work
not be afraid plan of the
if your whole study
hypothesis not only
proves to be because it
incorrect entails the
after the resources
experimentat needed in
ion because conducting
it is only the research
considered but also the
as an ways these
educated resources
guess. are utilized.F
Always THE
remember RELATED
that when LITERATUR
you E
formulate a
hypothesis, it
should be
based on the
research 4.
problem 3. Preparat
Formula
being solved
tion of
ion of
Researc
Hypothe
h
sis
Design
.
• Actual
experimentat
ion is an
implementati
on of the
research
design. In
actual
experimentat
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH

ion, you
have to • This is the
conduct an
heart of the
experiment
research
to prove the
process
validity of the
because this
hypothesis
is part where
you have
the findings
formulated.
of the
Actual
research can
experimentat
be found.
ion includes
You can use
the
table (not the
methodology
table in your
that you
kitchen) and
have
graph to
followed in
interpret the
doing your
results of
research.
your
The
research.
methodology
should be
carefully
planned prior
to the actual
experimentat
ion to ensure
the validity
and
5.
accuracy of 6.
DATA
the result. DATA
COLL
ANAL
ECTI
YSIS
ON
• Conducting research is a tiresome task because it is a year-
round activity. You have to be committed to become
successful in making a good research which would benefit
not only you but of everyone. The willingness in you in
making future researches should always be there because
doing research without your ‘heart’ and ‘mind’ on it is a
burden on your part.

• Always enjoy doing it. Enjoy the ride. The more that you
enjoy doing the task, the more that you ease the burden in
conducting this difficult endeavor. Never hesitate to ask
questions. Asking questions from other people who is aware
of your research topic would help you arrive at the correct
conclusions. Now that you have finally learned the steps in
the research process, you can now start doing one. Good
luck!
 Ethics in Research
• Important Ethics (moral issues) in Research
 Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report
data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research
sponsors, or the public
 Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or
required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
 Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
 Ethics in Research
• Important Ethics (moral issues) in Research
•  Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your
own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities,
•  Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Share your findings especially
to your informants/respondents.
•  Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give
proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
•  Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
 Ethics in Research
• Important Ethics (moral issues) in Research
•  Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,
not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication
•  Social Responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
•  Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
•  Non-Discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and
integrity.
•  Human Subjects protection. When conducting research on human subjects,
minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to
distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly
 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting
research studies as explained in the following:
• First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also
fosters values that are essential to collaborative work.
• Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that
the researcher/s undertake.
• Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.

• Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can
be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the study because this
may help a certain population in an area once the study is completed.