CS3101: Artificial Intelligence and Soft

Computing
Introduction

Dept. of CSE
Manipal University Jaipur

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Introduction
This course introduces artificial intelligence
techniques and soft computing techniques to the
students.
The course will teach them about Autonomous
Agents, Problem solving, Search, Heuristic
methods, State space Learning, Game Playing,
Knowledge Representation, Uncertainty,
Propositional Logic, Predicate Logic, Logic- based
Agents, Basics of Natural Language Processing,
Neural Networks, Evolutionary Computation.

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Course Outcomes

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Syllabus

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Books
Reference Books:
S. Russell, and P. Norvig: Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, 2011.
E. Rich, K. Knight, and S.B. Nair: Artificial
Intelligence. 3rd Ed., Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
G. F. Luger: Artificial Intelligence-Structures and
Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, (6e),
Addison-Wesley Pearson Education, 2012.

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Prerequisites
Comfortable programming in language such as C
(or C++) or Java 0r Python.
Some knowledge of algorithmic concepts such as
running times of algorithms; having some rough
idea of what NP-hard means.
Some familiarity with probability (we will go over
this from the beginning, but we will cover the
basics only briefly).
Not scared of mathematics, able to do simple
mathematical proofs.

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Course Evaluation
Component Maximum
Marks
Sessional I (MTE-1) 30

CWS
(Paper
Writing)

End Semester Exam 40

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Course Conduct
Maintain 75% attendance.
If you are in class then only attendance will be
yours.
It has your 10 marks.

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Course Faculty Details

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the
design of intelligence in an artificial device.
The term was coined by John McCarthy in 1955.
A serious science.
General-purpose AI like the robots of science
fiction is incredibly hard
 Human brain appears to have lots of special and
general functions, integrated in some amazing way
that we really do not understand at all (yet)
Special-purpose AI is more achievable
(nontrivial)
 E.g., chess/poker playing programs, logistics
planning, automated translation, voice recognition,
web search, data mining, medical diagnosis,10
Some Definitions

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Some Definitions

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 if our system can be
more rational than
Definitions of AI humans in some
cases, why not?
focus on action avoids
philosophical issues
such as “is the system
conscious” etc.

• We will follow “act rationally” approach

• Distinction may not be that important
• acting rationally/like a human presumably
requires (some sort of) thinking
rationally/like a human,
• humans much more rational anyway in
complex domains 13
Fundamental Concepts
There are two ideas in all the definition.
 Intelligence
 Artificial Device
 What is Intelligence?
 Ability to take decisions(Classify/choose best option/etc)
 Use of knowledge to respond in a new situation
 Inductive inference(ability to generalize)
 Ability to learn(Acquire knowledge)
 Ability to express ourselves (language)
 What is Artificial Device?
 Any object or machine that has been created or designed by
humans to perform specific functions or tasks.
 Such as electronics gadgets, robots, medical equipment,
communication devices, computers.
 Also known “Agent”.

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Timeline of AI

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AI vs M.L. vs D.L.

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Can we judge the Intelligence of Machine?
 The Turing Test, proposed by British mathematician and
computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950
 It is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior indistinguishable from that of a human.
 In the Turing Test, a human evaluator interacts with a
machine and a human through a computer interface
without knowing which is which.
 If the evaluator cannot reliably tell which responses are
from the machine and which are from the human, the
machine
 It is said
is definitive to haveofpassed
measure the test and demonstrated
intelligence.
artificial intelligence (AI).
 It does not consider other aspects of
intelligence, such as creativity, problem-
solving ability, emotional intelligence, or
the ability to learn and adapt over time.
 http://www.jabberwacky.com/
 https://www.cleverbot.com/ 17
Lessons from AI Research
 Clearly-defined tasks that we think require intelligence and
education from humans tend to be doable for AI
techniques.
 Playing chess, drawing logical inferences from clearly-stated
facts, performing probability calculations in well-defined
environments, …
 Although, scalability can be a significant issue.
 Complex, messy, ambiguous tasks that come natural to
humans (in some cases other animals) are much harder.
 Recognizing your grandmother in a crowd, drawing the right
conclusion from an ungrammatical or ambiguous sentence,
driving around the city, …
 Humans better at coming up with reasonably good
solutions in complex environments
 Humans better at adapting/self-evaluation/creativity (“My
usual strategy for chess is getting me into trouble against
this person… Why? What else can I do?”) 18
Modern AI
More rigorous, scientific, formal/mathematical
Fewer grandiose promises
Divided into many subareas interested in
particular aspects
More directly connected to “neighboring”
disciplines
 Theoretical computer science, statistics, economics,
operations research, biology, psychology/neuroscience,
…
 Often leads to question “Is this really AI”?
Some senior AI researchers are calling for re-
integration of all these topics, return to more
grandiose goals of AI
 Somewhat risky proposition for graduate students and19
Approaches to AI
 Strong AI aims to build machines that can truly reason and
solve problems. These machines should be self aware, and
their overall intellectual ability needs to be indistinguishable
from that of a human being. Excessive optimism in the 1950s
and 1960s concerning strong AI has given way to an
appreciation of the extreme difficulty of the problem. Strong AI
maintains that suitably programmed machines are capable of
cognitive mental states.
 Weak AI deals with the creation of some form of computer-
based artificial intelligence that cannot truly reason and solve
problems but can act as if it were intelligent. Weak AI holds
that suitably programmed machines can simulate human
cognition.
 Applied AI aims to produce commercially viable "smart"
systems such as, for example, a security system that is able to
recognize the faces of people who are permitted to enter a
particular building. Applied AI has already enjoyed
considerable success. 20
Application of AI
 Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI is used in NLP
applications to understand and process human language.
Examples include virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa,
language translation services, sentiment analysis in social
media, and chatbots for customer support.
 Image and Speech Recognition: AI is utilized for image
recognition tasks, such as identifying objects, people, and
scenes in images and videos. Speech recognition is applied
in virtual assistants, voice-controlled systems, and speech-
to-text conversion.
 Autonomous Vehicles: AI plays a crucial role in self-
driving cars and autonomous drones. It enables these
vehicles to perceive their surroundings, make real-time
decisions, and navigate safely without human intervention.
 Healthcare: AI is employed in medical imaging to assist in
diagnosing diseases and detecting anomalies in X-rays,
MRIs, and CT scans. It is also used for drug discovery,21
Application of AI
 Finance: AI is used in the financial industry for fraud
detection, algorithmic trading, credit risk assessment, and
customer service automation.
 Gaming: AI techniques are employed to create intelligent
virtual opponents in video games, enabling more
challenging and realistic gameplay.
 Recommender Systems: AI-based recommendation
engines are used in e-commerce, streaming platforms, and
content websites to provide personalized suggestions to
users based on their preferences and behavior.
 Robotics: AI is integrated into robots for tasks like
industrial automation, logistics, exploration in hazardous
environments, and assistance for the elderly and people
with disabilities.
 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: AI enhances
immersive experiences in VR and AR applications by
providing intelligent interactions and content22
Application of AI
 Climate Modeling: AI is utilized in climate science for
predictive modeling, weather forecasting, and analyzing
climate data to better understand and address climate
change.
 Cybersecurity: AI is employed in cybersecurity to detect
and prevent cyber threats, identify patterns of malicious
behavior, and enhance network security.
 Education: AI is used in educational applications to
personalize learning experiences, provide intelligent
tutoring, and assess student performance more effectively.

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Current Trends in AI
 Advancements in Deep Learning: Deep learning, a
subset of AI, continued to drive significant progress in
various domains, including computer vision, natural
language processing, and speech recognition. Researchers
were exploring larger and more sophisticated deep neural
network architectures to improve performance on complex
tasks.
 Explainable AI (XAI): As AI models became more
complex, there was a growing need for interpretability and
transparency. Explainable AI aims to provide insights into
how AI models arrive at their decisions, making AI more
trustworthy and facilitating regulatory compliance.
 AI in Edge Computing: With the proliferation of Internet
of Things (IoT) devices, AI was increasingly being deployed
at the edge of networks. This approach reduced latency,
improved privacy, and made real-time decision-making
possible without relying heavily on cloud infrastructure. 24
Current Trends in AI
 Reinforcement Learning (RL) Advancements: RL, a
type of machine learning where agents learn to take
actions to maximize rewards, saw significant developments.
It found applications in robotics, autonomous vehicles, and
gaming, among others.
 AI Ethics and Responsible AI: The responsible and
ethical use of AI gained more attention. Researchers and
organizations were focusing on addressing bias, fairness,
and privacy concerns in AI systems.
 AI in Healthcare: AI applications in healthcare continued
to grow, with AI assisting in medical diagnosis, drug
discovery, personalized treatment plans, and healthcare
data analysis.
 AI in Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP
technologies witnessed rapid advancements, enabling more
sophisticated language understanding and generation, as
well as improving conversational AI and language25
Current Trends in AI
 AI in Autonomous Vehicles: The development of self-
driving cars and autonomous vehicles gained momentum,
with AI algorithms playing a crucial role in perception,
decision-making, and navigation.
 AI and Creativity: AI's role in creative tasks, such as art
generation, music composition, and content creation,
garnered interest and showcased the potential of AI to
augment human creativity.
 AI for Climate and Sustainability: AI was increasingly
being applied to address climate change and sustainability
challenges, including optimizing energy consumption,
environmental monitoring, and climate modeling.
 Federated Learning: Federated learning, a privacy-
preserving approach to train machine learning models
across multiple devices or servers without sharing raw
data, gained popularity as a way to protect user privacy.
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Current Trends in AI
 Democratization: low-code, no-code AI: AI is becoming
more accessible to a wider range of people through the
development of low-code and no-code AI platforms. These
platforms allow people to build and deploy AI models
without having to be experts in machine learning. This is
making AI more accessible to businesses and individuals
who may not have the resources to develop their own AI
models.
 Digital twinning: Digital twinning is a process that
creates a virtual replica of a physical object or system. This
can be used to test and simulate new products or systems,
to improve the performance of existing systems, or to
predict failures.

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Thank You

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