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Graphics Images

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16 views30 pages

Graphics Images

Uploaded by

princefiebor10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GRAPHICS IMAGES

GRAPHICS IMAGES
• There are basically 2 types of images produced
by a graphics system
• Geometric images
• Raster images
Geometric images
• Geometric images are
1. Lines
2. circles and
3. polygons
They are called geometric primitives because
they form the basis for all geometric objects
Raster images
• Raster images on the other hand are pixel
based.
• A pixel picture element or the smallest part of
an electronically coded element. Resolution
increases with number of bits
Colours in graphics
• The frame buffer enables various colours to be
implemented. Computer graphics is based on
the RGB colour system, a combination of
which gives various colours of an image.
RASTA IMAGE
what is a raster image
• A raster image is simply a 2D array that stores
the pixel value for each pixel—usually a color
stored as three numbers, for red, green, and
blue.

• It’s best to think of a raster image as a device-


independent description of the image to be
displayed, and the display device as a way of
approximating that ideal image
Raster Images
• Most computer graphics images are presented to
the user on some kind of raster display. Raster
displays show images as rectangular arrays of
pixels.
• A common example is a flat-panel computer display
or television, which has a rectangular array of small
light-emitting pixels that can individually be set to
different colors to create any desired image.
Different colors are achieved by mixing varying
intensities of red, green, and blue light
• Most printers, such as laser printers and ink-
jet printers, are also raster devices.
• They are based on scanning: there is no
physical grid of pixels, but the image is laid
down sequentially by depositing ink at
selected points on a grid.
• Rasters are also prevalent in input devices for
images. A digital camera contains an image
sensor comprising a grid of light-sensitive
pixels, each of which records the color and
intensity of light falling on it.
• A desktop scanner contains a linear array of
pixels that is swept across the page being
scanned, making many measurements per
second to produce a grid of pixels.
• Because rasters are so prevalent in devices,
raster images are the most common way to
store and process images
• There are other ways of describing images
besides using arrays of pixels
VECTOR IMAGE
A vector image
• Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives
such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or
polygons—all of which are based on mathematical
expressions—to represent images in computer
graphics.

• A vector image is described by storing descriptions


of shapes—areas of color bounded by lines or
curves—with no reference to any particular pixel
grid.
• The main advantage of vector images is that
they are resolution independent and can be
displayed well on very high resolution devices.
The corresponding disadvantage is that they
must be rasterized before they can be
displayed.
• Vector images are often used for text,
diagrams, mechanical drawings, and other
applications where crispness and precision are
important and photographic images and
complex shading aren’t needed.
Graphics Display Hardware
Raster (TV, bitmap, pixmap)
Vector (calligraphic, stroke, used in displays and laser
random-scan) printers
• Driven by array of pixels (no semantics,
lowest form of representation)
• Note “jaggies” (aliasing errors) due to
discrete sampling of continuous
primitives

Ideal Vector
Drawing Drawing Outline Filled
Ray tracing
• In computer graphics, ray tracing is a
technique for generating an image by tracing
the path of light through pixels in an image
plane and simulating the effects of its
encounters with virtual objects.
Ray tracing
Ray Tracing
• One of the basic tasks of computer graphics is
rendering three-dimensional objects: taking a
scene, or model, composed of many
geometric objects arranged in 3D space and
producing a 2D image that shows the objects
as viewed from a particular viewpoint
• It is the same operation that has been done
for centuries by architects and engineers
creating drawings to communicate their
designs to others.
• Fundamentally, rendering is a process that
takes as its input a set of objects and produces
as its output an array of pixels. One way or
another, rendering involves If the output is a
vector considering how each object
contributes to each pixel;
it can be organized in two general ways
1. In object-order rendering
2. In image order rendering
1. In object-order rendering, each object is
considered in turn, and for each object all the
pixels that it influences are found and
updated.
2. In image order rendering, each pixel is
considered in turn, and for each pixel all the
objects that influence it are found and the
pixel value is computed
• You can think of the difference in terms of the
nesting of loops: in image-order rendering the
“for each pixel” loop is on the outside,
whereas in object-order rendering the “for
each object” loop is on the outside.
• Image-order and object-order rendering
approaches can compute exactly the same
images, but they lend themselves to
computing different kinds of effects and have
quite different performance characteristics
• Ray tracing is an image-order algorithm for
making renderings of 3D scenes,
END OF LECTURE

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