Excel

Formulas in MS Excel
 A formula can consist of any of these elements −
Mathematical operators, such as +(for addition) and *(for
multiplication)
 Example −
 =A1+A2 Adds the values in cells A1 and A2.
Values or text
 Example −
 =200*0.5 Multiplies 200 times 0.5. This formula uses only values, and it
always returns the same result as 100.
Cell references (including named cells and ranges)
 Example −
 =A1=C12 Compares cell A1 with cell C12. If the cells are identical, the
formula returns TRUE; otherwise, it returns FALSE.
Worksheet functions (such as SUMor AVERAGE)
 Example −
 =SUM(A1:A12) Adds the values in the range A1:A12.
Functions by Categories
 Text Functions
 LOWER − Converts all characters in a supplied text string to lower
case
 UPPER − Converts all characters in a supplied text string to upper
case
 TRIM − Removes duplicate spaces, and spaces at the start and end of
a text string
 CONCATENATE − Joins together two or more text strings.
 LEFT − Returns a specified number of characters from the start of a
supplied text string.
 MID − Returns a specified number of characters from the middle of a
supplied text string
 RIGHT − Returns a specified number of characters from the end of a
supplied text string.
 LEN − Returns the length of a supplied text string
 FIND − Returns the position of a supplied character or text string from
within a supplied text string (case-sensitive).
Functions by Categories
 Date & Time
 DATE− Returns a date, from a user-supplied year,
month and day.
 TIME− Returns a time, from a user-supplied hour,
minute and second.
 DATEVALUE − Converts a text string showing a
date, to an integer that represents the date in
Excel's date-time code.
 TIMEVALUE − Converts a text string showing a
time, to a decimal that represents the time in Excel.
 NOW − Returns the current date & time.
 TODAY − Returns today's date.
Functions by Categories
 Statistical
 MAX − Returns the largest value from a list of
supplied numbers.
 MIN − Returns the smallest value from a list of
supplied numbers.
 AVERAGE − Returns the Average of a list of
supplied numbers.
 COUNT − Returns the number of numerical values
in a supplied set of cells or values.
 COUNTIF − Returns the number of cells (of a
supplied range), that satisfies a given criteria.
 SUM − Returns the sum of a supplied list of
numbers
Functions by Categories
 Logical
 AND − Tests a number of user-defined
conditions and returns TRUE if ALL of the
conditions evaluate to TRUE, or FALSE
otherwise
 OR− Tests a number of user-defined
conditions and returns TRUE if ANY of the
conditions evaluate to TRUE, or FALSE
otherwise.
 NOT − Returns a logical value that is the
opposite of a user supplied logical value or
expression i.e. returns FALSE if the supplied
argument is TRUE and returns TRUE if the
 Math & Trig
 ABS− Returns the absolute value (i.e. the
modulus) of a supplied number.
 SIGN − Returns the sign (+1, -1 or 0) of a
supplied number.
 SQRT − Returns the positive square root of a
given number.
 MOD − Returns the remainder from a division
between two supplied numbers.
Function Arguments
 Functions vary in how they use arguments.
Depending on what it has to do, a function may
use.
 No arguments − Examples − Now(), Date(), etc.
 One argument − UPPER(), LOWER(), etc.
 A fixed number of arguments − IF(), MAX(),
MIN(), AVERGAGE(), etc.
 Infinite number of arguments
 Optional arguments
 Keyboard shortcuts
 To select the entire range- CTRL+A( if press CTRL+A one more
time selects the entire sheet)
 To copy the entire range- CTRL+C
 To cut the entire range- CTRL+X
 To paste the entire range- CTRL+V
 To undo the operation - CTRL+Z
 To redo the operation – CTRL+Y
 To quickly move to the bottom of the range- hold CTRL and press
key
 To quickly move to the right of the range- hold CTRL and press
key
 To select cells while moving down - hold SHIFT and press key no
of times
 To select cells while moving right - hold SHIFT and press key no
Keyboard shortcuts for formula
 SUM function – Press ALT + =, and press Enter
 Select the column cells to add formula and press CTRL +
d(down)
 Select the row cells to add formula and press CTRL +
r(right)
 To launch format cells dialog box, press CTRL+1
 Hierarchy of Microsoft Access
 Introduction First of all you need to understand how
Microsoft Access breaks down a database. These are
the keywords used in Access database structure:
Database File, Table, Record, Field, and Datatype. Here
is the Hierarchy that Microsoft Access uses in breaking
down a database.
 Database File: This is your main file that encompasses
the entire database and that is saved to your hard-
drive or floppy disk. For examples: Database1.accdb,
PatientDatabase.accdb
 Table: A table is a collection of data about a specific
topic. There can be multiple tables in a database. For
examples: Patients, Employees
Hierarchy of Microsoft Access
 Field: Fields are the different
categories within a Table.
Tables usually contain multiple
fields. For examples: Student
LastName, Student FirstName
 Datatypes: Datatypes are the
properties of each field. A field
only has 1 datatype. For
examples: FieldName: Student
LastName Datatype: Text
 Value: Value is data stored in
fields. For example: amit, 10,
VII etc.
Primary Key and
 Determine the primary key -- a field that can be
used to uniquely identify each record in the table.
 The primary key also al lows you to connect
information from one table to another. Each
patient is assigned a Patient ID number that will
be a unique identifier. To indicate that
PatientID is the primary key.
 Select PatientID field and click the Primary Key
button from the Access window to assign the field
as Primary key.