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Network

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11 views28 pages

Network

Uploaded by

Sanjeev Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a
network is called the Topology.
The selection of a particular type of topology
depends on a number of factors:
1. Cost – minimum cost in arranging the
computers.
2. Flexibility – network can be easily modified
and configured.
3. Reliability – quick recovering from
error/faults.
POINT TO POINT (P – P) LINK
A P – P (Point to Point) link basically relies
upon two functions – transmit and receive.

Transmit Receive

Node
Node X
Y
Receive Transmit
Components of Network
Server
A computer that facilitates the sharing of data,
software, and hardware resources (e.g.
printers, modems etc.) on the network, is
termed as a Server.
Nodes
The term nodes refers to the computers that
are attached to a network(also known as
workstations).
Components of Network
NETWORK INTERFACE UNIT (NIU)
A Network Interface Unit is an
interpreter/device that helps establish
communication between the server and
workstations.
DEDICATED SERVERS
Servers that act as a server only for sharing
resources.
NON-DEDICATED SERVERS
Work stations that act as a server also.
NIC Card(NIU)
Types of Networks
PAN(Personal Area Network)
LAN(Local Area Network)
WAN(Wide Area Network)

PAN:- It is a computer network organized


around any individual family/person within a
single building/room. In general Network
organized by the individual user for its
personal use.
PAN
LAN(Local Area Network)
Group of interconnected computers within a small
area. (room, building, campus)
Two or more pc's can from a LAN to share files,
folders, printers, applications and other devices.
Coaxial or CAT 5 cables are normally used for
connections.
Due to short distances, errors and noise are
minimum.
Data transfer rate is 10 to 100 mbps.
Distinguished on their transmission media and
topology.
Example: A computer lab in a school.
LAN
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Are country and worldwide network.
Contains multiple LAN's and MAN's.
Distinguished in terms of geographical range.
Uses satellites and microwave relays.
Data transfer rate depends upon the ISP
provider and varies over the location.
Best example is the internet.
WAN
Network Devices
HUB
Bridge
Switch
Router
Gateway
Repeater
HUB
It is a network hardware device for
connecting multiple Ethernet devices
together and making them act as a
single network segment.
It has multiple input/output(I/O) ports, in
which a signal introduced at the input of
any port appears at the output of every port
except the original incoming.
Types of HUB
Passive hub
Active hub
HUB
Bridge
Connect a local area network (LAN) to
another local area network that uses the
same protocol.
Bridge has a single incoming and outgoing
port.
Having a single incoming and outgoing port
and filters traffic on LAN by looking at the
MAC address(physical address)
Bridges are used to separate parts of network
that do not need to communicate regularly,
but need to be connected.
Switch
Switches can perform error checking before
forwarding data, which are very efficient by
not forwarding packets that error-end out or
forwarding good packets selectively to
correct devices only.
Router
It forwards data packets along network and does
not look at destination node address but network
address.
A router is connected to at least two networks
Router are located at gateways, the places where
two or more networks connect.
Routers use headers and forwarding tables to
determine the best path for forwarding the
packets (use network address translation, ICMP-
internet control message and DHCP- dynamic host
control protocol)
Router can connect network with different
Gateway
It is an interface between two network
Gateway make communication possible
between different architecture and
environments. A gateway repackages
information to match the requirements of the
destination system.
A gateway can links two systems that do not
use the same:
Communication protocols
Data formatting structures
Languages
Repeater and Modem
Repeater
A repeater regenerates/ amplify the received
signals and then retransmits the regenerated
signals on other segments.
Modem
Its is a device that modulates signals to
encode digital information and demodulate
signals to decode the transmitted
information.
Wired (Guided) media
There are three categories of guided
media:
1. Twisted Pair :
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
2. Coaxial Cable
1. Thin net
2. Thick net
3. Fiber Optic Cable
Twisted Pair Wires
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in
which two conductors of a single circuit are
twisted together for the purposes of
canceling out electromagnetic
interference(EMI) from external sources; for
instance, electromagnetic radiation from
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and
crosstalk between neighboring pairs.
Twisted Pair Wires
Advantages
Inexpensive and available
Flexible and light weight
Easy to work with and install

Disadvantages
Sensitivity to interference and noise
Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)
Coaxial Cable
Carries signals of higher frequency
ranges than twisted pair cable. Has an
inner conductor enclosed in an insulator,
which is in turn encased in an outer
conductor of metal braided mesh.
Coaxial Cable
Advantages
Higher bandwidth
 400 to 600Mhz
Much less susceptible to interference than twisted
pair
It will not cause a toxic gas when its burned. That’s
why they use it in some buildings.
Disadvantages
High attenuation rate makes it expensive over long
distance
It’s not used anymore due to high cost and other
technical factors.
Fiber Optic Cable
Relatively new transmission medium used by
telephone companies in place of long-distance
trunk lines. Fiber Optic works on the
properties of light. When light ray hits at
critical angle it tends to refracts at 90 degree.
This property has been used in fiber optic.
Fiber Optic Cable
Advantages
greater capacity (bandwidth of up to 2 Gbps)
Speed (100 - 500 mbps)
smaller size and lighter weight
lower attenuation
immunity to environmental interference
highly secure
Disadvantages
expensive over short distance
requires highly skilled installers
adding additional nodes is difficult

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