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    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Mhiret Bekalu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Mhiret Bekalu
    15 views43 pages

    Original Title

    Chapter-5

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    15 views43 pages

    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Mhiret Bekalu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 43

    Chapter-5

    Sprinkler irrigation
    Introduction
    • Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying
    water to the surface of the soil in the form of a
    spray
    • Water is distributed through a system of pipes
    -> usually by pumping.
    • It is then sprayed into the air through
    • water drops which fall to the ground.
    conditions which favor sprinkler irrigation

    * Soils too Shallow soils


    * Land having steep slopes and easily erodible
    soils.
    * Limited water source
    * Undulating land
    * Soils with low water holding capacities and
    shallow rooted crops which require frequent
    irrigation.
    * Automation and mechanization are
    practical.
    Limitations of sprinkler Irrigation
    • Highly affected by wind
    • Ripened soft fruits may be affected by
    spraying water.
    • Water must be clean
    • High initial investment
    • High power requirements
    • In areas of high temperature and high wind
    velocity, considerable evaporation losses of
    water may take place.
    Classification
    • based on pressure • based on portability
    development
    I. Conventional ( Periodic
    I. Pump powered move system)
    system
    II. Semi- portable system
    II. Gravity sprinkler
    system III. Permanent System
    III. Hybrid systems
    (Pumps + Gravity)
    Sprinkler System Components
    A typical sprinkler irrigation system consists of
    the following components:
    Pressure generating units(Pump unit)
    Water carrier units (Mainlines , sub
    mainlines, Laterals)
    water delivery units (riser pipes and
    Sprinklers)
    Quality improvement sub units ( Screens ,
    Desilting basins)
    Ancillary units ( Fertilizer and other
    chemical applicator)
    Application rate
    This is the average rate at which water is
    sprayed onto the crops
     It is measured in mm/hour.
    The application rate depends on the size
    of sprinkler nozzles, the operating
    pressure and the distance between
    sprinklers.
    Operating Sprinkler System
    1-Wetting patterns 2- Application rate
    -> should be less
    than the basic
    infiltration
    capacity of the soil

    3- Sprinkler drop sizes


    This will affect:

    1- crop
    2- water distribution
    Design of sprinkler systems

    • General steps

    1- Select appropriate nozzle size


    2- Determine main line and lateral diameters
    3- Determine the main line diameter
    4- Determine the appropriate pump size
    Sprinkler nozzle characteristics
    Discharge of Sprinkler nozzle (q) Distance of throw

    where,
    • q = nozzle discharge, m3/s Where
    • R = radius of wetted area, m
    d = diameter of nozzle, m
    • a = cross sectional area
    h = pressure head at the
    nozzle, orifice, m2 nozzle, m.
    • h = pressure head at the
    nozzle, m
    • g = acceleration due to
    gravity, m/sec2
    • c = Discharge coefficient
    Losses in a sprinkler system
    1- Wind drift and evaporation losses

    Ls = evaporation and wind drift, percent


    D = nozzle diameter , mm
    H = nozzle operating pressure, Kpa T= oC
    U = wind velocity , m/s
    RH= fraction
    * Combined efficiency is the volume of water stored in the root
    zone compared to the volume delivered to the application
    devices.

    E = (1 - Ld )(1 - Ls )
    c
    ---Cont---

    • 2. Interception:

    • 3. Percolation losses (Distribution is not


    uniform)
    The discharge ratio is equal to the square root of
    the pressure ratio.
    Components of system Design

    • Application Rates
    - The application rate to the soil surface must be less
    than the intake rate of the soil.
    • The gross application rate,

    where
    dg = gross application rate , cm/h
    q = nozzle discharge l/s
    Sl = lateral spacing, m
    da= dg (1-Ls) Sm= mainline spacing, m
    Where H = Water Distribution Coefficient, fraction
    E = Water Storage Coefficient, fraction
    ---cont--

    The manufacturer information is basic during


    sprinkler system design
    ---Cont--
    General steps

    • Assume initial values for D and P


    • Based on the assumed values, estimate Ls
    • Compute deep percolation and combined efficiency
    • Develop an initial operating schedule
    • Compute net application rate and compare this value with basic
    infiltration capacity of the soil
    • Determine the design wetted diameter based on Sl and Sm
    • Compute the new q using q= dg *Sl*Sm/360
    • From the manufacturer table, find D and P values for the computed q
    and Dw values.
    • Compute Ls based on the new D and P values, and if the difference of
    this Ld value more than 10% from the initial, then restart the whole
    step assume the computed D and P as an assumed values.
    Example
    ---cont---
    Sol
    ---Cont--
    ---Cont--
    ---Cont---
    ---Cont---
    System capacity
    • The capacity of the system is the continuous
    flow rate required to irrigate the specified
    area within the selected operating schedule
    •
    Distribution (pipeline) system Design and Lay out

    Pipe line hydraulics


    In hydraulic practice rather that always having to calculate
    water pressure it is much easier to simply use the equivalent
    height of water column.
    The height of this water column is called head

    4. Friction
    head: is energy required by water to flow between
    two points overcoming friction
    Lateral System Design
    Example

    • A trial configuration of a hand- move sprinkler


    system has a lateral running down slope form
    a mainline along a constant grade of
    0.005m/m. the design operating pressure of
    the nozzle is 310 kpa. the trial length of the
    lateral results in a distance of 400m between
    the first and the last sprinkler. Compute the
    maximum allowable head loss to friction as
    m/m.
    Sol
    Friction head loss
    Darcy-Weisbach Equation Hazen-Williams Equation
    m = exponent on velocity related term in friction head loss formula
    = 1.852 , for Hazen- William equation
    = 2.0 , for Darcy -Weisbach equation
    Example
    • Determine the required pipe diameter to maintain actual head
    loss with in the allowable limit for conditions indicated in
    example -1 . The sprinkler spacing s = 12m and the first sprinkler
    is at a distance Sl from the mainline. The design discharge per
    nozzle is 0.315 l/s. assume, 135 for the value of Hazen-William
    friction coefficient.
    Solution
    Mainline System Design
    • Pressure required at mainline entrance to laterals:
    Hm = Ha + [0.75( Hf +He) + Hr ]*9.81 ,KPa
    - Hm = required entrance pressure at the mainline,
    KPa
    - Ha = Design nozzle operating pressure , KPa
    - Hf = Total friction head loss in the lateral , m
    - He = Increase in elevation of lateral from inlet to
    position of critical sprinkler, m
    - 0.75 = factor to produce the average operating
    pressure near the mid point of the lateral
    - Hr = Height of the sprinkler riser, m
    Example

    • Determine the required enterance pressure at


    the mainline to serve the lateral in the above
    example. Consider 1m rizer height.
    • Solution
    Hm = Ha + [0.75( Hf +He) + Hr ]*9.81 ,Kpa
    Hf = HL-ac*L the actual friction head loss
    = 0.0066m/m *400m = 2.64m
    He = -2m (given)
    Hm = 310 + [0.75( 2.64 -2.0) +1.0 ]*9.81 ,Kpa
    = 324 KPa
    Critical Pressure Requirement On mainline

    Hi = Hn + hf-in + He-in + Hv-in


    • Hi = pressure head required at point i , m
    • Hn = Pressure head required at point n , m
    • hf-in = Friction headloss from point i to n , m
    • He-in = increase in elevation head from point i
    to n , m
    • Hv-in = increase in velocity head from point i
    to n , m
    v= m/sec
    Example

    • A distribution system is to be designed for a sprinkler system on


    which five laterals will be operated simultaneously. Each lateral is
    to have 30 nozzles with 0.360 L/s discharge per nozzle. The
    required pressure on the mainline at the inlet to each lateral is
    393 KPa.
    • The elevation of each point on the line and distance between
    points are given in the following table. The mainline is made of
    20.32 cm inside diameter aluminum pipe with a Hazen-Williams C
    factor of 144. The friction loss and elevation head from the water
    surface to the centerline of the pump is +0.333m. Laterals are to
    operate on points A through E simultaneously. Determine the
    critical pressure point in the mainline and the total dynamic head
    requirement of the pump.
    o u !
    k y
    h a n
    T

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