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The history of
English
language
The presenters:
1- Diar Azad Abdullah
2- Safa Hunar Aziz
3- Aland Husen Isma’il

Supervised by: Muhammad Yassin Hasnani 1

 Old
Click to editEnglish
Master (450-1100)
title style BC
Diar Azad Abdullah

English was part of the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language
family. The nearest living relatives of the English beyond doubt are the Scots and
Frisians. Frisian is a language spoken by about half a million people in the Dutch
region of Friesland, near Germany, and on some islands near the North Sea

The history of the English language has long been divided into three main
periods: Old English (450-1100 BC), Middle English (1100-1500 BC), and New
English from 1500 onwards. In each century, a number of languages have
influenced English

Old English (450-1100 BC): Throughout the fifth century, three Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles,
and Jews) migrated from various parts of northwestern Germany and Denmark to a small British
island. Originally the tribes were aggressive and drove the Celtic-speaking population from England
to Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. Some migrated to the Brittany coast of France, where their
descendants still speak Celtic.

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Throughout these years, Saxons, Angles, and Jews mixed different Germanic dialects.
This group of dialects forms what most linguists refer to as Old English or Anglo
Saxon. The word English is from Old English, which comes from the name Angels.
Angli is named after Engle, which refers to the origin of their land.

Before the Saxons, the language spoken in what is now England was a mixture of
Latin and Celtic, the same language spoken before the arrival of the Romans in
Britain. The Romans brought Latin to Britain, which had been part of the Romanian
Empire for more than 400 years. Most of the words introduced into the language in
this century were those invented by Roman merchants and soldiers, some of which
are: (win-->wine), (candel -->candle ) and (weall-->wall).

Celtic influence on Old English has weakened.

Indeed, few Celtic words survive within English. However, some place and river
names are basically
Celtic (Kent, York, Dover, Cumberland, Thames, Avon, Trent, Severn)

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When the priests entered Saxon England in 597 to introduce Christianity, they introduced
many Latin words into English, which were very concerned with naming the head of the
church, ceremonies, and matters related to the church. Some of these words (church,
bishop, baptism, monk, eucharist, presbyter) came into English indirectly from Latin
through Greek.

Around 878 BC, the Danes and Scandinavians, also known as the Vikings, conquered
England, introducing many Norwegian words into English, especially in northern
England. The Scandinavian Vikings spoke a language that was basically at least as ancient
as Old English, a branch of the Germanic Indo-European languages.

The words that come from Norwegian are: ( sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye) ,
husband , fellow, skill , anger , flat , odd , ugly get , give , take , raise, call, die, they, their,
them)

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Click
Middle toEnglish
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(1100- • Safa Hunar Aziz

1500)
Middle English Period (1100-1500 AD): After the conquest of William, the Norman king in 1066 with the English
army and became king of the area, he was able to bring French-speaking nobles to become officials of his new
government. Old French dominated English in courts and administrations, and Latin was used only for writing,
especially in the church. Only the lowly and poor spoke English.

Around 1200, England and France separated and English changed a lot because it was used only for speaking
rather than writing for about 300 years. Old English was reused but with some French words added, this language
is called Medieval English.
Many words associated with authority entered the English language, including crown, castle, court, parliament,
army, mansion, gown, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor, governor.

Because the lower-class English prepared food for the higher class Normans, most of the words related to
domestic animals were English (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) while the words related to the meat of those
animals came from French (beef). , veal, (mutton, pork, bacon, venison)

The Middle English period is known to mark the beginning of the Great Vowel Shift, a major change that
affected the long vowels of the English language. In English, long vowels were exchanged upwards; This means
that when a vowel is pronounced in one place in the mouth is pronounced in a different place in the mouth, i.e. in
the upper part of the mouth. Long vowel sounds appeared in the 15th-18th centuries
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MiddletoEnglish
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The most famous example of the Middle English period is

Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories
about a group of 30 people who travelled as sightseers to
Canterbury (a very famous small 11th-century town with a
main church in southeastern England). In the pictures he
painted in his story, he shows us the idea of life in
fourteenth-century England

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New English title style
Period (1500- Aland Husen Isma’il

onwards)
New English Period from 1500 onwards:
The development of New English dates back to 1476 when William Caxton established a printing press in Westminster
Abbey. Johann Gottenberg invented the printing press in Germany in 1450, but Caxton was the first printing press in
England. From this time on, some valuable manuscripts and Bibles were printed. The invention of the printing press
made books available to more people. Books became cheaper and people benefited and learned to read. The press led to
the standardization of the English language.

During Shakespeare's writings (1592-1616), English became clearly known as modern English. At the beginning of the
modern era, three major developments occurred: the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and
British Colonialism

It was during the English Renaissance that most words came into English from Greek and Latin. This period in the
history of English culture (early 16th to early 17th centuries) is sometimes referred to as the Shakespearean
or Elizabethan era. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, major cultural changes occurred in terms of support for
the arts, the popularity of printing, and increased sea voyages

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New English title style
Period (1500-onwards)

In the eighteenth century, England began the Industrial Revolution, which affected the development of the
language, causing new words to be introduced or changes to adapt to rapid changes in technology. As inventors
designed new products, artistic words were added to the vocabulary, such as the invention of machines and the
mapping of various products

Britain was an empire for 200 years between the 18th and 20th centuries, and with it the English language
spread to the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa. They sent people to the places they
conquered to live and interact with the natives, thus adding new words to the English vocabulary. For
example, kangaroo, boomerang, which are native Australian words, and turban jaggernaut, are from Hindi

Every year English has been constantly growing and changing with the introduction of hundreds of new
words. But with all the expansion of English and the influx of words from other languages, the heart of the
English language still remains Old English Anglo-Saxon. In English grammar, all three genders (he, she, and
it) are explicitly derived from German, along with a number of simple verb tenses.
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Source: studyenglishtoday.net
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Thank You