NadirAli 1619 3350 1 Universal Gate
NadirAli 1619 3350 1 Universal Gate
NadirAli 1619 3350 1 Universal Gate
NOR
Digital Electronics
Universal Gate – NAND
This presentation will demonstrate
• The basic function of the NAND gate.
• How a NAND gate can be used to replace an AND gate,
an OR gate, or an INVERTER gate.
• How a logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates can
be re-implemented using only NAND gates.
• That using a single gate type, in this case NAND, will
reduce the number of integrated circuits (IC) required to
implement a logic circuit.
AOI Logic NAND Logic
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More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$
NAND Gate
X
Z X Y X Y
Y
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
3
NAND Gate as an Inverter Gate
X X X (Before Bubble)
X Z X
X Z
0 1
Equivalent to Inverter
1 0
4
NAND Gate as an AND Gate
XY
X
Z X Y X Y
Y
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Equivalent to AND Gate
1 0 0
1 1 1
5
NAND Gate as an OR Gate
X
X Y
Z X Y X Y X Y
Y
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
1 0 1
1 1 1
6
NAND Gate Equivalent to AOI Gates
AND OR INVERTER
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Process for NAND Implementation
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement the design
with AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every
AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NAND
equivalent.
3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions (i.e., back-
to-back inverters).
5. Redraw the final circuit.
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NAND Implementation
Example:
Design a NAND Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit
shown below.
B C A C
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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 2
Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its
NAND equivalent.
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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 3
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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 4
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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 5
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Proof of Equivalence
C BC
B C A C
Z B C A C
AC
Z B C A C
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AOI vs. NAND
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NOR- Universal Gate
This presentation will demonstrate…
• The basic function of the NOR gate.
• How an NOR gate can be using to replace an AND gate,
an OR gate or an INVERTER gate.
• How a logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates
could be re-implemented using only NOR gates
• That using a single gate type, in this case NOR, will
reduce the number of integrated circuits (IC) required to
implement a logic circuit.
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NOR Gate
X
Z X Y X Y
Y
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
17
NOR-Gate as an invertor gate
X X X (Before Bubble)
X Z X
X Z
0 1
Equivalent to Inverter
1 0
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NOR Gate as an OR Gate
XY
X
Z X Y X Y
Y
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
1 0 1
1 1 1
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NOR Gate as an AND Gate
• NOR-AND Gate X
X Y
Z X Y X Y X Y
Y
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Equivalent to AND Gate
1 0 0
1 1 1
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20
NOR Gate Equivalent of AOI Gates
• 1 AND OR INVERTER
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Process for NOR Implementation
1. If starting from a logic expression, implement
the design with AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace
every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its
NOR equivalent.
3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions.
(i.e. back-to-back inverters)
5. Redraw the final circuit.
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NOR Implementation
• Example:
– Design a NOR Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit
shown below.
B C A C
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NOR Implementation
step#02
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NOR Implementation step #03
Redraw Circuit.
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NOR Implementation step#04
Identify and eliminate any double inversions
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NOR Implementation step#05
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Proof of equivalence
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Applications of logic gates:
• Digital Computers: To perform arithmetic and logical operations,
enabling the execution of complex tasks.
• Arithmetic Operations: To perform basic arithmetic operations
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in digital
circuits.
• Memory Units: Flip-flops and other memory elements, which are
essential components of digital memory units, are constructed using
logic gates.
• Data Storage:Logic gates are used in various data storage devices,
including registers, RAM (Random Access Memory), and ROM
(Read-Only Memory).
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Applications of logic gates:
• Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Logic gates are integral
components of microprocessors and microcontrollers, which are the
brain of digital systems.
• Digital Signal Processing: Digital signal processors use logic
gates to perform signal processing tasks, such as filtering,
modulation, and demodulation.
• Communication Systems: Logic gates play a role in the design of
communication systems, including encoding and decoding of data in
communication protocols.
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Applications of logic gates:
• Control Systems: Logic gates are used in control systems to
implement logical decision-making processes and control signals.
• Automation and Robotics: In automation and robotics, logic gates
are used to control and coordinate the actions of various
components and devices.
• Security Systems: Logic gates are employed in the design of
security systems, including access control systems and alarm
systems.
• Digital Displays: Seven-segment displays, used in digital clocks
and other devices, utilize logic gates to control the display of
numbers and characters.
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logic conventions
• Logic conventions are the sets of rules
followed while designing a digital logic system or
device.
• These conventions are adopted due to their
different characteristics observed by several
experiments.
• The use of electronic logic conventions, makes
the implementation process of a digit system
easy and smooth. Also, a standardization is
achieved in the design.
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Types of Logic Conventions
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Logic Convention
• Positive Logic Convention represents
the higher voltage level by 1 or TRUE, and
the low voltage level by 0 or FALSE.
• Negative Logic Convention represents
the higher voltage level by 0 or FALSE,
and the lower voltage level by 1 or TRUE.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip,
microchip or microelectronic circuit, is
a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, diodes
and transistors are fabricated.
An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer,counter, logic gate, computer, memory,
microcontroller or microprocessor.
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Integrated circuit
• An IC is the fundamental building block of
all modern electronic devices.
• As the name suggests, it's an integrated
system of multiple miniaturized and
interconnected components embedded
into a thin substrate of semiconductor
material (usually silicon crystal).
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Integrated circuit
• A single IC could contain thousands or
millions of:
• transistors
• resistors
• capacitors
• diodes
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Types of integrated circuits
• ICs can be linear (analog), digital or some
combination of the two, depending on their
intended application.
• Analog or linear ICs have a continuously
variable output, depending on the input
signal level.
• In theory, such ICs can attain an infinite
number of states.
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Types of integrated circuits
• Linear ICs are used as audio-frequency
(AF) and radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers.
• The operational amplifier (op amp) is a
common device in these applications.
• Another common application of an analog
IC is the temperature sensor.
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Use of linear IC
• Linear ICs can be programmed to turn
various devices on or off once a signal
reaches a particular value.
• These include:
• air conditioners
• heaters
• ovens
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Digital ICs:
• Digital ICs don't operate over a continuous
range of signal amplitudes.
• Rather, they operate at only a few defined
(discrete) levels or states.
• The fundamental building blocks of digital
ICs are logic gates, which work
with binary data, i.e. signals that have only
two different states, called low (logic 0)
and high (logic 1).
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Application of digital ICs
• Digital ICs are now used in an increasing
number of applications, including:
• computers
• enterprise networks
• modems
• frequency counters
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Mixed ICs
• A mixed IC incorporates both analog and
digital design principles.
• It may function as a:
• digital-to-analog converter
• analog-to-digital converter
• clock/timer IC
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