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Genetic Influence in Development-1

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47 views7 pages

Genetic Influence in Development-1

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imaan7804
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Genetic Influences in Development

AYESHA NAZIR
Genetic Influences in
Development
 The development of a child is significantly
influenced by genetic factors, which interact
with environmental influences to shape
various aspects of growth and personality.
This interplay is often discussed within the
framework of the nature versus nurture
debate, where “nature” refers to genetic
inheritance and “nurture” encompasses
environmental factors
4.Genetic Inheritance and
Expression
 At the core of genetic influence are genes, which are
segments of DNA that provide instructions for building
proteins essential for bodily functions. Each person
inherits a unique combination of genes from their parents,
which forms their genotype. The genotype serves as a
blueprint for development but does not dictate outcomes
directly; instead, it interacts with environmental factors to
determine the phenotype—the observable traits and
characteristics.
 For example, while a child’s height may be genetically
predisposed (genotype), actual height can be affected by
nutrition and health during childhood (environment). This
means that even if a child has genes associated with tall
stature, poor nutrition could suppress this potential.
2. Gene-Environment
Interactions
 Gene-environment interactions play a crucial role in how
genetic predispositions manifest. These interactions can occur
in several ways:
 Genetic Interactions:
Some genes may compete or cooperate with one another,
influencing traits such as intelligence or physical
characteristics. For instance, if one parent carries a gene for
tallness while the other carries a gene for shortness, the
child’s height may reflect an average between both parents
due to additive effects.
 Environmental Impact on Gene Expression:
Environmental factors can activate or silence certain genes.
For example, exposure to toxins during pregnancy can lead to
developmental issues in children by affecting gene expression
related to brain development.
3. Genetic Disorders and Their
Impact on Development
 Certain genetic abnormalities can have profound
effects on child development. Conditions such as
Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome
(monosomy X), and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
illustrate how deviations from typical
chromosomal patterns can lead to distinct
developmental challenges.
 Down Syndrome:
Characterized by an extra chromosome at the
21st position, individuals often exhibit cognitive
impairments alongside physical features like
slanted eyes and a round face.
 Turner Syndrome:
Occurring only in females who have only
one X chromosome, this condition can result
in short stature and learning disabilities.
 Klinefelter Syndrome:

Males with an extra X chromosome may


experience underdeveloped secondary
sexual characteristics and learning
difficulties.
4. Lifelong Implications of
Genetic Influences
 Research indicates that genetic influences on cognitive abilities become
more pronounced as children grow older. Studies show that heritability
estimates for cognitive abilities increase from childhood into early adulthood,
suggesting that genetics plays an increasingly significant role over time.
 This understanding underscores the importance of considering both genetic
predispositions and environmental contexts when examining child
development. Early experiences—whether positive or negative—can shape
how genetic potentials are realized throughout life.
 In conclusion, while genetics provides foundational elements for
development through inherited traits and predispositions, it is the dynamic
interaction between these genetic factors and environmental influences that
ultimately shapes individual outcomes across various domains of growth.

This journal publishes high-quality reviews covering all aspects of


neuroscience research including developmental neuroscience which explores
the interplay between genetics and environment in shaping brain function
throughout life.

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