PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2

Nature of Inquiry
and Research
At the end of this module, you
should be able to:
1. Describe the characteristics, strengths,
weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative
research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1);
2. Illustrate the importance of quantitative
research across field (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2);
3. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their
uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3)
Know Yourself
Quantitatively
Materials: Pen and paper
Know Yourself Quantitatively!

1. Make three columns in your paper and

label it as follows:
 1st column – Characteristics
 2nd column – Verbal Assessment
 3rd column – Numerical Score
2. List down characteristics that you
think would best suit what it takes to be
a good researcher.

3. Using the second column, assess

yourself with the following verbal
assessment schemes:

Excellent / Very Good / Good / Fair /

Poor
4. Look for a partner and exchange
paper. Let your partner assess you
through numerical score using the
following schemes:

Excellent (5)/ Very Good (4)/ Good (3)/

Fair (2)/ Poor(1)
Two main classifications of research
methods:

Quantitative
Qualitative
Two main classifications
of research methods:
Qualitative research
-is more of describing a phenomenon
in a narrative; hence, the data collected
can be in the form of words, images, or
transcripts taken from a small sample,
not generalizable to the population.
Two main classifications of
research methods:
Qualitative research
-is generally concerned
with understanding
phenomenon relating to or
involving quality or kind
Two main classifications of
research methods:
Quantitative analysis
-a more formal, objective,
and systematic approach to
obtaining answers to a
question or problem of the
study.
Two main classifications
of research methods:
Quantitative analysis
-is based on the
measurement or
quantity.
We will focus on
quantitative methods
of research and its
different kinds.
Quantitative research uses
scientifically collected and
statistically analyzed data to
investigate observable
phenomena. A phenomenon is
any existing or observable
fact or situation that we want
to unearth further or
It is scientific for the fact that it
uses a scientific method in
designing and collecting
numerical data. Once data is
collected, it will undergo
statistical analysis like Pearson’s
r, t-test and Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) for analysis.
Since data is analyzed
statistically, it is imperative
that the data obtained must be
numerical and quantifiable,
hence its name quantitative
research.
Pearson correlation
coefficient (r)
The most common way of measuring
a linear correlation. It is a number
between –1 and 1 that measures the
strength and direction of the
relationship between two variables.
t-test
a statistical test that is used to
compare the means of two groups. It is
often used in hypothesis testing to
determine whether a process or
treatment actually has an effect on the
population of interest, or whether two
groups are different from one another.
Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) is a statistical formula
used to compare variances across
the means (or average) of
different groups. A range of
scenarios use it to determine if
there is any difference between
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
1. Large Sample Size
2. Objectivity.
3. Concise Visual Presentation
4. Faster Data Analysis
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
5. Generalized Data
6. Fast and Easy Data
Collection
7. Reliable Data
8. High Replicability
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
1. Large Sample Size
--To obtain more meaningful
statistical result, the data
must come from a large
sample size.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
2. Objectivity
--Data gathering and analysis of
results are done accurately,
objectively, and are unaffected by
the researcher’s intuition and
personal guesses.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
3. Concise Visual Presentation
--Data is numerical which makes
presentation through graphs,
charts, and tables possible and
with better conveyance and
interpretation.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
4. Faster Data Analysis
--the use of a statistical tools
gives way for a less time
consuming data analysis
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
5. Generalized Data
--Data taken from a sample can be
applied to the population if
sampling is done accordingly, i.e.,
sufficient size and random samples
were taken.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection.
-- Depending on the type of data needed,
collection can be quick and easy.
Quantitative research uses standardized
research instruments that allow the
researcher to collect data from a large
sample size efficiently.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
For instance, a single survey form
can be administered
simultaneously to collect various
measurable characteristics like
age, gender, socio-economic
status, etc.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
7. Reliable Data
--Data is taken and analyzed
objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population,
making it more credible and reliable
for policymaking and decision making.
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
8. High Replicability
The Quantitative method can
be repeated to verify findings
enhancing its validity, free from
false or immature conclusions.
Advantages of
Quantitative Research
The following are the advantages of
quantitative research or its strengths:
1.Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data
can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the
population.
Advantages of
Quantitative Research
4. There is conclusive establishment
of cause and effect.
5. Fast and easy data analysis using
statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
Advantages of
Quantitative Research
7. Quantitative research can be
replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be
established
Disadvantages of
Quantitative Research
The following are the disadvantages of
quantitative research or its weaknesses:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore
a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive
explanation of human experiences.
Disadvantages of
Quantitative Research
3. Some information cannot be described
by numerical data such as feelings, and
beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not
very flexible
5. The participants are limited to choose
only from the given responses.
Disadvantages of
Quantitative Research
6. The respondents may tend to
provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data
collection more costly.
Kinds of Quantitative
Research
Quantitative research is a broad
spectrum that it can be classified
into smaller and more specific kinds:
descriptive, correlational, ex
post facto, quasi-experimental,
and experimental.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Descriptive design
--is used to describe a particular phenomenon by
observing it as it occurs in nature. There is no
experimental manipulation, and the researcher does
not start with a hypothesis. The goal of descriptive
research is only to describe the person or object of
the study. An example of descriptive research design
is “the determination of the different kinds of
physical activities and how often high school
students do it during the quarantine period.”
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Correlational design
-- identifies the relationship between
variables. Data is collected by
observation since it does not consider
the cause and effect, for example, the
relationship between the amount of
physical activity done and student
academic achievement
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Ex post facto design

-- is used to investigate a possible relationship
between previous events and present conditions.
The term “Ex post facto” which means after the
fact, looks at the possible causes of an already
occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there
is no experimental manipulation in this design. An
example of this is “How does the parent’s academic
achievement affect the children obesity?”
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Quasi-experimental design
--is used to establish the cause-and-effect
relationship of variables. Although it resembles
the experimental design, the quasi-experimental
has lesser validity due to the absence of random
selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the
independent variable is identified but not
manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre-
existing groups of subjects.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Quasi-experimental design
The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is
compared to the group unexposed to treatment
(control): example, the effects of unemployment
on attitude towards following safety protocol in
ECQ declared areas.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Experimental design
--like quasi- experimental is used to establish
the cause-and-effect relationship of two or
more variables. This design provides a more
conclusive result because it uses random
assignment of subjects and experimental
manipulations. For example, a comparison of
the effects of various blended learning to the
reading comprehension of elementary pupils.
 Activity 1: Finding clues
Directions: Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of
Quantitative Research (Box A) or Qualitative Research (Box B).
1. Measurable 6. Text-based
11. Subjective
2. Behavior 7. Intervention
12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental group 13. Tables
and charts
4. Narrative
Quantitative 9. Unstructured
Research observation
Qualitative 14. Deductive
Research
5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable
Activity 2:
Read and identify fifteen (15) different quantitative research titles
and classify them as to which quantitative design they belong.
RESEARCH TITLE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
1. "Understanding Public Opinion on Healthcare Reform: A
Cross-National Comparative Study“
2. "Analyzing Financial Markets Volatility: A Time Series
Research Approach“
3. Evaluating the Impact of a Training Program on Employee
Performance
4. Examining the Factors Influencing Consumer Purchasing
Behavior
5. Comparing Different Teaching Methods in Elementary
Education
6. Investigating the Relationship Between Income and Health
7. The Impact of Social Media on Student Engagement
8. A survey of consumer behavior towards organic food
products
9. The effectiveness of a new weight loss drug
10. The relationship between product packaging and
consumer purchasing behavior
11. The effect of advertising on customer loyalty in the
hotel industry
12. An analysis of customer perceptions of online
shopping experiences
13. A study on the use of mobile banking among
millennials
14. Evaluating the Effectiveness of a New Training
Program on Employee Productivity
15. The Impact of Classroom Technology on Student