Chapter 3-3

Analog Transmission
 Topics
• Digital Data-to -Analog Signal
• Analog Signal-to-Analog Signal
• Multiplexing
 Analog transmission
• Analog –continuous signal that is having a value
at every instance of time.
• Analog transmission is the transmission of
analog signal over a transmission media.
• Digital transmission is very desirable but a low-
pass channel with a very large bandwidth is
needed.
• Analog transmission is the only choice if we
have a band-pass channel
 Digital-to-Analog Conversion
• By changing one characteristic(amplitude, frequency, or
phase) of a simple electric signal(analog signal) based on
the information in the digital signal(0s or 1s)
• Transmitting data from one computer (digital) to another
across a public phone line (carrier analog signals) requires
that the digital data must be modulated on an analog
signal that has been manipulated to loo two distinct
values corresponding to binary o and 1
• main use is public telephone system
– has freq range of 300Hz to 3400Hz
– use modem (modulator-demodulator)
Figure shows the relationship between the
digital information, the digital-to-analog
modulating process, and the resultant analog
signal.
Digital Data, Analog Signal
• Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
– bit
– baud rates
– carrier signal.
• Data Element Versus Signal Element
– Data element as the smallest piece of information to be
exchanged, the bit.
– signal element smallest unit of a signal that is constant.
• Data Rate Versus Signal Rate
– Bit rate/data rate is the number of bits per second.
– Baud rate / signal rate is the number of signal elements per
second.
– In the transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
• A signal unit is composed of one or more bits.
• The fewer signal units required, the more efficient the
system and less bandwidth required to transmit more bits.
• The baud rate determines the bandwidth required to send
the signal NOT the number of bits.
• In transportation, a baud is analogous to a car, and a bit is
analogous to a passenger. A car can carry one or more
passengers.
• The number of cars not the number of passengers
determines the traffic and therefore the need for wider
highways.
• We can define the data rate (bit rate) and the
signal rate (baud rate). The relationship between
them is S= N/r baud where N is the data rate (bps)
and r is the number of data elements carried in
one signal element. The value of r in analog
transmission is r =log2L, where L is the type of
signal element, not the level.
• Carrier Signal
⁻ In analog transmission, the sending device produces a high-
frequency signal that acts as a base for the information signal.
⁻ This base signal is called the carrier signal or carrier frequency.
⁻ The receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the carrier
signal that it expects from the sender.
⁻ Digital information then changes the carrier signal by
modifying one or more of its characteristics (amplitude,
frequency, or phase).
⁻ This kind of modification is called modulation or shift keying
and the information signal is called the modulating signal.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
• The amplitude (height) of the carrier signal is varied
to represent binary 0 or 1. Both frequency and phase
remain constant while the amplitude changes.
• Although we can have several levels (kinds) of signal
elements, each with a different amplitude, ASK is
normally implemented using only two levels. This is
referred to as binary amplitude shift keying or on-off
keying (OOK).
• The peak amplitude of one signal level is 0; the other
is the same as the amplitude of the carrier frequency.
• susceptible to noise interference because
noise mainly affects amplitude
• inefficient
• used for
– up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
– very high speeds over optical fiber
 Frequency Shift Keying
• In frequency shift keying, the frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or
zero.
• The frequency of the modulated signal is constant
for the duration of one signal(each bit duration)
element, but changes for the next signal element if
the data element changes.
• Both peak amplitude and phase remain
constant for all signal elements
• most common is binary FSK (BFSK)
• two binary values represented by two different
frequencies (near carrier)
• less susceptible to error than ASK
• used for
– up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
– high frequency radio
– even higher frequency on LANs using co-ax
 Multiple FSK
• each signalling element represents more than
one bit
• more than two frequencies used
• more bandwidth efficient
• more prone to error
 Phase Shift Keying
• The phase of the carrier is varied to represent to
represent binary 1 or 0.
• The phase of the signal during each bit duration is
constant, and its value depends on the bit (0 or 1).
• Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as
the phase changes.
• Today, PSK is more common than ASK or FSK.
• The simplest PSK is binary PSK, in which we have only two
signal elements, one with a phase of 0°, and the other
with a phase of 180° to represent the two binary digits.
• A constellation or phase-state diagram shows the
relationship between phase and bit value.
• PSK is not susceptible to the noise degradation that
affects ASK or to the bandwidth limitations of FSK.
• Therefore, we can use four variations of a signal,
each representing 2 bits. This technique is called 4-
PSK or Q-PSK. The pair of bits represented by each
phase is called a dibit.
• The 4-PSK idea can be extended to 8-PSK. Instead of
90° , we can vary the signal by shifts of 45°.
• With eight different phases, each shift can represent 3
bits (a tribit).
• The minimum bandwidth required for PSK
transmission is the same as that required for ASK
transmission (for the same reasons).
• While the maximum baud rates of ASK and PSK are
the same for a given bandwidth, PSK bit rates using
the same bandwidth can be 2 or more times greater.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

• PSK is limited by the ability of the equipment

to distinguish small differences in phase.
• So far we have been altering only one of the
three characteristics of a sine wave at a time.
What if we alter two?
• Bandwidth limitations make combinations of
FSK with other changes practically useless.
• As such, we will combine ASK with PSK.
• If we have x variations in phase and y variation
in amplitude, we will have x*y possible
variations. This is called Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM).
• Possible variations of QAM are numerous.
• To avoid noise interference, QAM always uses
more phase shifts than amplitude shifts.
 Analog-to- Analog conversion
• Analog-to-analog conversion, or analog modulation, is the
representation of analog information by an analog signal. modulate
carrier frequency with analog data
• One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal, it is already
analog?
• Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a
bandpass channel is available to us. modulate carrier frequency with
analog data
• An example is radio. The government assigns a narrow bandwidth to each radio
station.
• The analog signal produced by each station is a low-pass signal, all in the same range.
• To be able to listen to different stations, the low-pass signals need to be shifted, each
to a different range.
• Analog-to-analog conversion can be accomplished in three ways: AM, FM and PM.
 Analog
Modulation
Techniques
• Amplitude Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency Modulation (FM)
In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of
the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and phase of the
carrier signal remains constant.
• The bandwidth of an FM signal is 10 times the bandwidth of
the modulating signal.
• The bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music)
broadcast in stereo is almost 15KHz. Each FM station needs
therefore a bandwidth of 150KHz.
• The FCC allows 200 KHz for each station to provide some room
for guard bands.
 Phase Modulation (PM)
• Due to simpler hardware, PM is used in some
systems as an alternative to FM.
• In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level
(amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak
amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remain constant.
• The analysis and final result (modulated signal) are
similar to those of frequency modulation