Statistics

Statistics is concerned with the scientific methods

for collecting, organizing, interpreting,
summarizing, presenting and analyzing data. It
involves stating a valid conclusion and making
reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis.
 Measures of Central Tendency
A single value which represents or characterizes a group (or set of data)
as a whole is called a statistical average or a measure of central tendency.

arithmetic mean
mode

median
 The Mean

*Total = mean × n
 Answer the following

1. Calculate the mean of the set of scores 13, 6, 10, 7, 8. *Total = mean × n
=

2. The mean height of nine choir members is 157 cm. Calculate the mean height if:

a. man of height 169 cm leaves the choir b. woman of height 165 cm joins the original choir

157*9 = 1413 157*9 = 1413

1413-169= 1244 1413+ 165= 1578

= 155.5cm = 157.8cm
3. John received the following scores (in %) on five chemistry tests, 72,
86, 92, 63 and 77.
a. What is John’s average (mean) score on the chemistry tests? Ans:
78%
b. What score must John earn on his sixth test so that his average for all
six tests will be 80? Ans: 90%

4. The mean mass of three children is 38 kilograms. One of the children

has a mass of 46 kilogram. The other two children are twins and have
the same mass. Calculate the mass of one of the twins. Ans: 34kg
 The Mean from an Ungrouped Frequency
An ungrouped data does not have a class interval.
The scores obtained by students in a test were recorded in a frequency table as follows:
Score of Marks (x) Number of Students (Frequency, f)
0 1
1 4
2 7
3 10
4 18
5 10

Calculate the mean mark of the scores in the test.

 The Mean from Grouped Frequency Table

A grouped data consist of class intervals.

We calculate the mean of a grouped data by first finding the mid-point

of each class, then multiply each mid-point by its respective frequency.

The lower limit for a class is the value on the left of the class interval. The
upper class limit is the value on the right of the class interval.
Answer the following

Midpoint
3-7 = =

8-12= 10
13-17=15
18-22= 20
23-27= 25
 The Median
The median of a set of values/data/scores is the middle or central value of
the scores which are arranged in ascending (smallest to largest) or
descending (largest to smallest) numerical order.

If there are two middle values, then the

median is the mean of the two middle values

1. Determine the median of the following set of

scores:
a. 8, 4, 5, 0, 9, 3, 8 b. 16, 10, 23, 25, 10, 19
 Find the median mark.
Score Frequency Position Position
1. = 0 11 1
1 41+4= 5 5
2 75+7=12 12
2. 25 +1= 26
3 1012+10=22 22
4 1822+18=40 40 3+4=3.5
5 1040+10=50 50
 The Mode
The mode is the value or observation which occurs most
frequently. If two modes exist, then we say that the
distribution or data is bimodal. If three modes exist, we
say that the distribution or data is trimodal.

1. Determine the mode for the following data:

a. 12, 8, 14, 12, 8, 6, 14, 8
b. 10, 2, 3, 8, 7, 2, 10, 5
 Determine the modal number of scores of marks
Score of Marks (x) Number of Students (Frequency, f)
0 1
1 4
2 7
3 10
4 18
5 10

The marks 4 has the highest

frequency.
So, the modes is 4
 Discrete and Continuous Variables
Variables can be divided into two main types –
qualitative and quantitative

A qualitative variable is defined as a variable which describes

a characteristic. For example, ‘the height of a person can be
described as short, average or tall

A quantitative variable is defined as a variable which

can be given a numerical value.
 Quantitative variables are said to be of two distinct types
– discrete and continuous.

A discrete variable is defined as a variable which can only

take certain definite values, usually whole numbers.

For example, the number of mangoes on a tree, must be a

definite value, and in this case a whole number. Certainly, the
number of mangoes on the tree cannot be 24.635.
 A continuous variable is a variable which can take any value
within a given range and can be obtained by measurement
For example, ‘a person’s height, which may vary from birth to
adulthood’
Answer the following.
1. The weight of a baby during the first year of its life on earth.
2. The number of students in room 4
3. The volume of water used by a household throughout the year.
4. The number of cars at Nazarene High School.
 Line Graph
Line graphs are useful means of displaying statistical data
to examine trends or growth over a period of time.
It is used in business where companies may predict growth in
income or sales over a period of time
In medicine, physicians use these graphs to monitor blood sugar
levels, the blood pressure or even the temperature of patients.

A line graph is constructed by joining a set of points

together in a consecutive manner.
 Bar Charts

A bar chart (vertical or horizontal) consists of a number of

rectangular bars of the same width and are evenly spaced out.

The height or length of each rectangular bar is directly

proportional to the size of the data it is representing

Bar charts are mostly used to represent discrete data.

 Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circular diagram, which is another way of
representing statistical data
The circle is divided into sector of varying sector angles or areas.

Each sector angle or area is directly proportional to the size of

the information it is representing.
 Answer the following.
1. The sum of $180 was shared among four friends as shown in the pie chart below

a) Determine the amount of money

received by:
i. Kaias ii. Tony iii. James iv.
Hugo
b) What is the sector angle for:
i. Kaias ii. Tony iii. James iv.
Hugo
c) Calculate the percent of the money
received by: i. Kaias ii. Tony iii.
Hugo
 The Range
The range of a set of numbers is the difference
between the largest and smallest number in the set.

For the set of numbers 5, 3, 6, 4, 7, 5, the range is sometimes

given by quoting the smallest and largest numbers or indicated
as 3 – 7. The range of this set of numbers is 7 – 3 = 4.
 Interquartile Range and Semi-interquartile Range
A quartile is one of three values that divide an ordered set of
data into four equal parts.
The first (or lower) quartile Q1 is the value below which one-quarter of data lies.

The lower quartile Q1 is the middle value of the bottom half of the data.
The second (or middle) quartile Q2 is the value below which one-half of the data lies.

This quartile is known as the median. The median Q2 is the middle value of the
whole data.
The third (or upper) quartile Q3 is the value below which three-quarters of the
data lies. It is the middle value of the top half of the data
 The inter-quartile range (I.Q.R.) = Upper quartile (Q3) – Lower Quartile (Q1)

The semi-interquartile range (S.I.Q.R.) = {Upper quartile (Q3) – Lower Quartile (Q1)}
 Find the median, interquartile range and semi-interquartile
range for the following heights stated in cm:

a. 153, 168, 164, 151, 166, 169, 165 151, 153, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169

Median (Q2) = 165

The inter-quartile range (I.Q.R.) = Upper quartile (Q3) – Lower Quartile (Q1) = 168-153= 15

interquartile range 151, 153, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169

Q1 Q2 Q3
The semi-interquartile range (S.I.Q.R.) = {Upper quartile (Q3) – Lower Quartile (Q1)} =
=7.5
 Cumulative Frequency Curve

A cumulative frequency curve can be drawn by plotting the cumulative

frequency against the corresponding upper limit of each class interval.
 Answer the following

Midpoint
3-7= 5
8-12= 10
13-17=15
18-22= 20
23-27= 25

Mass in grams Number of Peas Cumulative

Frequency
5 3 3
10 8 11
15 12 23
20 10 33
25 7 40