Interpretation

of Assessment
Results
Levels of Measurement
This is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or
Nominal categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering
Level scheme. There is no criterion as to which values can be
identified as greater than or less than other values.

Exampl 1. In classifying the students in a university as male

e or female, no ranking can be placed on the data.

2. Another example is classifying students

according to their identification. Although,
numbers are assigned as identification of students,
there
This is no meaningful
involves order.
data that may be arranged in some order, but
Ordinal Level differences between data values either cannot be determined or are
meaningless.
Grading system involving the letters A, B,
Example
C, D, F 2
 This is the same as the ordinal level, with an additional property that
Interval Level
we can determine meaningful amounts of differences between the
data. Data at this level may lack an inherent zero starting point.
Temperature is an interval measurement. There is a meaningful difference in one
Example degree between each unit such as 80 and 81 degrees. But a zero degree temperature
does not mean that there is no heat.

This is an interval modified to include the inherent zero starting point.

Ratio Level
The difference and ratios of data are meaningful. This is also the
highest level of measurement.

Example height, weight, or area, test scores

there is a meaning between values, and a true zero

exists 3
 Measures of
Central Tendency
for ungrouped
data •Mean
•[Sum of all observations]/[Number of
observations]
A well-chosen average
consists of a single number
•It is the most commonly used measure of
about which a given data central tendency
are centered.
•Median
•the middle observation when all Attitude

observations are arranged in

increasing/decreasing order
•Mode
•the observation with the highest frequency
or the most frequently occurring observation
4
•A data can have more than one or none at
all
Aspirations
Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped
Data

The following are scores of 10 students in a Math

test:
37 37 24 28 43 44
36 41 33 27
Mean
Determine the average score.

Sol.
Mean =

5
 Example 1: The following scores were
recorded below.

13 12 11 11 13 15
Median 18

Sol. Arrange the data in order.

11 11 12 13 13 15 18

Select the middle value

6
 Example 2: The scores of eight students
are recorded as follows:
41 39 42 40 42
41 47 45

Median
Sol. Arrange the data in order.

39 40 41 41 42 42 45 47

Median =

7
 Example 2: The scores of eight students
are recorded as follows:

41 39 42 40 42
Mode 41
Most frequently
occurring 47 45
score/s Mode: 41 and 42 (bimodal)

8
 The scores
clustered around
the mean which
Measures of means a
homogeneous
Variability group

Variability or dispersion
is a very important
characteristic of data. The scores are
It can help you create a widespread which
mental picture of the means the group
spread of the data. is more
heterogeneous
compared to the
first one

9
 1. Range
Given the following scores of students in 100
the range, R, of a set item test:
of n measurements 25, 35, 40, 60, 15, 55, 37, 42, 58, 70, 25, 30, 56,
is defined as the Calculate the range.
42
difference between Range = Highest Observation – Lowest
the largest and Observation
smallest = 70 – 15
measurements. = 55

10
 The variance of a population of N
measurements is the average of the squares of
the deviations of the measurements about their
mean.
2. Variance
The variance of a sample of n measurements is
the sum of the squared deviations of the
measurements about their mean divided by (n-
1).

11
Example
5, 7, 1, 2, 4

12
 The standard deviation of a set of
measurements is equal to the
positive square root of the variance.

3. Standard From the previously calculated variance, s2 =

5.70

deviation
The more variable the data set is, the larger
the value of s.

13
Remember:

14
 Arrange the data in increasing order:
4, 8, 9, 11, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 25
4.
1st Quartile (Q1) = 0.25(n+1)th position
Interquartile = 0.25(10+1)
Range
The interquartile range
= 0.25(11)
= 2.75th position
(IQR) for a set of
Since 2.75 is not integer, interpolate
measurements is the
difference between the 2nd position + .75 (3rd position – 2nd position)
upper and lower 8 + 0.75 (9 – 1) = 8+0.75 = 8.75
quartiles; that is, IQR =
3rd Quartile (Q1) = 0.75(n+1)th position
Q3 - Q1. = 0.75(10+1)
Example: Here are the = 8.25th position
scores of 10 students in
Since 8.25 is not integer, interpolate
30-item test:
16, 25, 4, 18, 11, 13, 8th position + .25 (9th position – 8th position)
20, 8, 11, 9 18 + 0.25 (20 – 18) = 18+0.50 = 18.5
IQR = 18.5 – 8.75 15
= 9.75
 These are markers for specific
portions of the distribution of data
points.
Measures of
These include: Quartiles, Deciles,
Location and Percentiles. Whatever the size of
the data points, these measures of
location allocate the entire set of data
into specific portions to give the data
user a clearer understanding of how the
data behave.

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 Quartiles are markers for every ¼ of the
data points – Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, the first,
Measure second, third and fourth quartile,
respectively.
s of Deciles are markers for every 1/10 of the
Location data points –D1, D2, D3, D4, …, D10, the
first, second, third, fourth, …., and tenth
decile, respectively.

Percentiles are markers for every 1/100 of

the data points – P1, P2, P3, P4, …, P100, the
first, second, third, fourth, …., 100th
percentile, respectively. 17
 Rules:
Quartiles When the measurements are arranged in order
of magnitude (increasing or decreasing)
This is a measure of
relative standing. Q1 = 0.25 (n + 1)
Q2 = 0.50 (n + 1)
Q3 = 0.75 (n + 1)

18
 Find Q1, Q2 and Q3 of the following set of
data.
19, 12, 16, 0, 14 9, 6, 1, 12, 13, 10, 19, 7,
5, 8
Sol. Arrange the data from lowest to
highest.
Example: 0, 1, 5,the
Using 6, formula,
7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19,
19
Q1 = 0.25(15 + 1) = 0.25(16) = 4 , 4th data is 6
Q2 = 0.5(15 + 1) = 0.5(16) = 8, 8th data is 10
Q3 = 0.75(15 + 1) = 0.75(16) = 12, 12th data is
14

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 Rule:

Percentile The percentile corresponding to a given

value x is computed by using the formula
Percentiles are position
Percentile = (number of values below x) +
measures used in
0.5 x
educational and health- Total number of values 100%
related fields to indicate
the position of an
individual in a group.

20
 Find the percentile rank of a test
score of 49 in the data set.

Example1: 12, 28, 35, 42, 47, 49, 50

Arrange from lowest to highest
Percentile = 5 + 0.5
x 100%
7
= 78.57%

21
 The following are scores in a Statistics test:
2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20
Find the value corresponding to the 25th
percentile.
Arrange the data from lowest to highest.
Compute c = np/100, where n is the
number of values and p is the percentile
Example 2: C = 10(25)/100
= 250/100
= 2.5
Since c is not a whole number, round it up
to the next whole number ; in this case c =
3, so the 25th percentile is the third value
which is 5. 22
 Find the value corresponding to the 60th percentile for
the given data set.
80, 68, 53, 58, 76, 73, 85, 88, 91, 79
Sol. Arrange the data from lowest to highest.
53, 58, 68, 73, 76, 79, 80, 85, 88, 91
Using the formula, c = np/100
(10)(60)/100 = 6
Example 3: Since the value of c is a whole number, use the value
halfway between 6 and (6 + 1) values when counting
from the lowest value
6th value = 79, 7th value = 80
The value halfway between 79 and 80 is 79.5. Hence,
79.5 corresponds to the 60th percentile.
23
 Deciles divide the distribution into tenths or 10
equal parts. This is denoted by D1, D2,
D3, ...D9. To obtain the deciles, divide the data
set into tenths and determine the number
Deciles dividing the tenths.
D1 = (n+1)/10 th item
D2 = 2(n+1)/10 th item
D9 = 9(n+1)/10 th item

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 20, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 39, n = 7
Calculate D2, D3 and D7
D2 = 2(7+1)/10
= 2(8)/10
Example = 1.6th item from below
The value of the 1st item is 20 and the second
item is 28. Thus the second decile is a value
0.6th of the way between 20 and 28. The 2nd
decile will be 20 + 0.6(8) = 24.8
25
How to interpret Measures of Central
Tendency
The value that represents a set of data will be the basis in
determining whether the group is performing better or poorer
than the other groups.

How to interpret the Standard Deviation

•The result will help you determine if the group is homogeneous or not
•The result will also help you determine the number of students that
fall below and above the average performance
Points above mean + 1sd = range of above average
Mean + 1sd give the limits of an average ability
Mean – 1sd
Points below mean – 1sd = range of below average
Task: Using the following data: 12, 19, 25, 32, 19, 15, 14, 21,
28, 36, 20, 9, calculate the following measures:
1.Mean
2.Median
3.Mode
4.Range
5.Standard Deviation
6.Quartiles 1 to 4
7.Decile 2, 4 and 8
8.20th, 40th, 60th Percentile