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CH 4

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26 views18 pages

CH 4

Uploaded by

sumrun sahab
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4: Threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Threads

 a Thread of execution is the smallest sequence of


programmed instructions that can be managed independently
by a scheduler
 Thread- a light-weight process executing in the address
space of the process
 Thread – a separately schedulable sequential execution
stream within a process
 Multiple threads can run in same address space
 Why threads?
 Process creation is expensive
 Context switch is more expensive
 Hard to implement IPC

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Threads…

Single-threaded Process Multiplethreaded Process


Threads of
Execution

Single instruction stream Multiple instruction stream


Common
Address Space

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Threads…
• Thread-control-block

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Single and Multithreaded Processes

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Motivation

 Most modern applications are multithreaded


 Threads run within application
 Multiple tasks with the application can be implemented by
separate threads
 Update display
 Fetch data
 Spell checking
 Answer a network request
 Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is
light-weight
 Can simplify code, increase efficiency

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multithreaded Server Architecture

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Benefits

 Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part of


process is blocked, especially important for user interfaces
 Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process, easier
than shared memory or message passing
 Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread switching
lower overhead than context switching
 Scalability – process can take advantage of multiprocessor
architectures

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multicore Programming

 Multicore or multiprocessor systems putting pressure on


programmers, challenges include:
 Dividing activities
 Balance
 Data splitting
 Data dependency
 Testing and debugging
 Parallelism implies a system can perform more than one task
simultaneously
 Concurrency supports more than one task making progress
 Single processor / core, scheduler providing concurrency

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multicore Programming (Cont.)

 Types of parallelism
 Data parallelism – distributes subsets of the same data
across multiple cores, same operation on each
 Task parallelism – distributing threads across cores, each
thread performing unique operation

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Concurrency vs. Parallelism
 Concurrent execution on single-core system:

 Parallelism on a multi-core system:

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Amdahl’s Law
 Identifies performance gains from adding additional cores to an
application that has both serial and parallel components
 S is serial portion
 N processing cores

 That is, if application is 75% parallel / 25% serial, moving from 1 to 2


cores results in speedup of 1.6 times
 As N approaches infinity, speedup approaches 1 / S

Serial portion of an application has disproportionate effect on


performance gained by adding additional cores

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
User Threads and Kernel Threads

 User threads - management done by user-level threads library


 Three primary thread libraries:
 POSIX Pthreads
 Windows threads
 Java threads
 Kernel threads - Supported by the Kernel
 Examples – virtually all general purpose operating systems, including:
 Windows
 Solaris
 Linux
 Tru64 UNIX
 Mac OS X

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multithreading Models

 Many-to-One

 One-to-One

 Many-to-Many

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Many-to-One

 Many user-level threads mapped to


single kernel thread
 One thread blocking causes all to block
 Multiple threads may not run in parallel
on multicore system because only one
may be in kernel at a time
 Scheduling is fair among processes
 Few systems currently use this model
 Examples:
 Solaris Green Threads
 GNU Portable Threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
One-to-One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
 Creating a user-level thread creates a kernel thread
 More concurrency than many-to-one
 Number of threads per process sometimes
restricted due to overhead
 Scheduling is not fair
 Examples
 Windows
 Linux
 Solaris 9 and later

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Many-to-Many Model
 Allows many user level threads to be
mapped to many kernel threads
 Allows the operating system to create
a sufficient number of kernel threads
 Solaris prior to version 9
 Windows with the ThreadFiber
package

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Two-level Model
 Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be
bound to kernel thread
 Examples
 IRIX
 HP-UX
 Tru64 UNIX
 Solaris 8 and earlier

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013

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