At the end of the lesson, you will be

able to:

Describe the characteristics, strengths,

weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative
research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1).
 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

You have learned from Practical Research 1 that

research method is classified into two main
types: quantitative and qualitative. While both
methods utilize a specific data gathering
procedure, the former is generally concerned
with understanding phenomenon relating to or
involving quality or kind.
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research uses scientifically

collected and statistically analyzed data
to investigate observable phenomena. A
phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or
situation that we want to unearth further or
understand.
 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

It is scientific for the fact that it uses a

scientific method in designing and collecting
numerical data. Once data is collected, it will
undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-
test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
analysis.
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Since data is analyzed statistically, it is

imperative that the data obtained must be
numerical and quantifiable, hence its name
quantitative research.
 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Numerical data are generally easier to collect

than descriptions or phrases used in
qualitative research. Information like student’s
grades in different subjects, number of hours
of engagement in social media platforms of
teens, and percentage of consumers who
prefer the color blue for soap packaging are
just few examples of research data expressed
in numbers.
 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Some data, on the other hand, are not directly

countable and thus require conversion from
non-numerical information into numerical
information. For instance, determining which
brand of canned sardines is the best choice for
consumers in terms of taste cannot be
expressed in numbers unless we do a survey
using a rating scale.
 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Several forms of rating scales are available,
e.g., the Likert scale that we can use to
quantify data. Usually, they come in a
selection of numbers with a corresponding
meaning for each choice, for example:
1= tastes very good,
2= satisfactory, or
3= undesirable.
 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Numerical choices convert texts into numbers

so the researcher can perform mathematical
operations for faster, more accurate, and more
objective analysis.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more

meaningful statistical result, the data must
come from a large sample size.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of

results are done accurately, objectively, and
are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition
and personal guesses.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is

numerical which makes presentation through
graphs, charts, and tables possible and with
better conveyance and interpretation.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a

statistical tools gives way for a less time-
consuming data analysis.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a

sample can be applied to the population if
sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient
size and random samples were taken.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

6. Fast and Easy Data

Collection. Depending on the
type of data needed, collection
can be quick and easy.
Quantitative research uses
standardized research
instruments that allow the
researcher to collect data from a
large sample size efficiently.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

6. Fast and Easy Data

Collection.
For instance, a single survey
form can be administered
simultaneously to collect various
measurable characteristics like
age, gender, socio-economic
status, etc.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

7. Reliable Data. Data is

taken and analyzed objectively
from a sample as a
representative of the
population, making it more
credible and reliable for
policymaking and decision
making.
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research

8. High Replicability. The Quantitative

method can be repeated to verify findings
enhancing its validity, free from false or
immature conclusions.
 Advantages of Quantitative Research

1. It is very objective.
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be
used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the
population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of
cause and effect.
 Advantages of Quantitative Research

5. Data analysis is fast and easy using

statistical software.
6. Quantitative research can be replicated or
repeated.
7. Validity and reliability can be established.
 Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a

problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive
explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described
by numerical data such as feelings, and
beliefs.
 Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

4. The research design is rigid and not very

flexible.
5. The respondents are limited to choose
only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide
inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection
more costly.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research

Descriptive design is used to describe a

particular phenomenon by observing it as it
occurs in nature. There is no experimental
manipulation, and the researcher does not
start with a hypothesis. The goal of
descriptive research is only to describe the
person or object of the study.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
Ex post facto design is used to
investigate a possible relationship between
previous events and present conditions. The
term “Ex post facto” which means after the
fact, looks at the possible causes of an
already occurring phenomenon. Just like the
first two, there is no experimental
manipulation in this design. An example of
this is “How does the parent’s academic
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
A quasi-experimental design is used to
establish the cause-and-effect relationship
of variables. Although it resembles the
experimental design, the quasi-
experimental has lesser validity due to the
absence of random selection and
assignment of subjects.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
A quasi-experimental design
Here, the independent variable is identified
but not manipulated. The researcher does
not modify pre-existing groups of subjects.
The group exposed to treatment
(experimental) is compared to the group
unexposed to treatment (control).
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
Experimental design like quasi-
experimental is used to establish the cause-
and-effect relationship of two or more
variables. This design provides a more
conclusive result because it uses random
assignment of subjects and experimental
manipulations. For example, a comparison
of the effects of various blended learning to
the reading comprehension of elementary
Activity
 Activity
True or False
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement
describes quantitative research and FALSE if
it is incorrect.
1. Quantitative data can be presented using
tables and graphs.
2. The results of quantitative research can be
used to generalize and predict.
3. Quantitative research is flexible so at any
stage, the study may change.
4. Quantitative data are more credible, reliable,
and useful than qualitative data.
5. The research study cannot be replicated or
repeated because it is unique in every case.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and analyzed
statistically.
7. Data analysis is an on-going process. It can be
done at any stage of the process.
8. The behavior of the participants is observed
and is critical to the analysis of results.
9. Analysis of data is less time-consuming.
10. In quantitative research, the researcher
participates and engages the participants in the
study
At the end of the lesson, you will be
able to:

Illustrate the importance of

quantitative research across fields
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-2).
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields

The value of quantitative research to man’s

quest to discover the unknown and improve
underlying conditions is undeniable.
Throughout history, quantitative research
has paved the way to finding meaningful
solutions to difficulties.
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields

For instance, the development of vaccines

to strengthen our immunity against viruses
causing highly communicable diseases like
polio, influenza, chickenpox, and measles to
name a few, underwent thorough
experimental trials.
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields

The findings of the quantitative study can

influence leaders’ and law-makers’ decisions
for crafting and implementing laws for the
safety and welfare of the more significant
majority.
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields
Using quantitative design helps us
determine and better understand
relationships between variables or
phenomenon crucial to reducing the range
of uncertainty because the mathematics
behind quantitative studies helps us make
close estimates of the outcome (dependent
variable) from a given condition/s
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields
Relationship between demand and supply,
age and health, discipline and academic
achievement, practice and winning at
sports, depression and suicidal rates, algae
population and Oxygen demand are just few
examples of real-life applications of
correlation studies in the past that we still
apply today.
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields
Most inventions and innovations are
products of quantitative studies. Before you
can enjoy the uses and features of a smart
phone, it took years of research to establish
compliance to standards for interoperability,
to find the most cost-effective raw
materials, and to identify the sleekest and
Importance of Quantitative Research Across
Fields
sturdiest design, the fastest data saving and
processing power, and most marketable
add-ons according to consumer needs.
Indeed, mankind will dwell in the darkness
of ignorance if not for the people who
conducted their research before reading
about it from books or manuals.
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The table below shows some of the contributions of
quantitative research to other fields and their example.
Field Contribution/Application Example
Social • Show effects of intervention The effects of
Sciences to group behavior. pandemic on
• Understand cultural or racial social
conflicts. behavior and
economic
• Human satisfaction and
stability
stressors
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The table below shows some of the contributions of
quantitative research to other fields and their example.
Field Contribution/Application Example
Natural • Investigate the effectiveness Antidiabetic
and of properties of
Physical a product or treatment to common
Sciences illnesses. Philippine
• Finding or enhancing herbs
alternative
energy sources
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The table below shows some of the contributions of
quantitative research to other fields and their example.
Field Contribution/ Example
Application
Agriculture • Increase the yield of The
and crops. effectiveness of
Fisheries • Prevent and cure crops organic and
and inorganic
livestock diseases. fertilizer to
vegetable
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The table below shows some of the contributions of
quantitative research to other fields and their example.
Field Contribution/ Example
Application
Sports • Enhance athletic Diet and
performance. exercise
techniques for
different
kinds of sports
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The table below shows some of the contributions of
quantitative research to other fields and their example.
Field Contribution/ Example
Application
Business • Offer device marketing Effectiveness of
Facebook ads on
strategies. sales
• Improve marketability.
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
The table below shows some of the contributions of
quantitative research to other fields and their example.
Field Contribution/Application Example
Arts and • Show relationship The effects of
Design between music on learning
color and architectural and behavior
space.
• Maximize use of
Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and
 Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

The table below shows some of the contributions of

quantitative research to other fields and their example.

Field Contribution/ Example

Application
Environmental • Determine Cause and The environmental
Science effects of climate factors
change. affecting natural
calamities
Activity 1
 Activity 1
Directions: Answer the question clearly
and briefly.

How is quantitative research relevant to

different disciplines?
Activity 2
 Activity 2
Directions:
Search online or from a book or publication
one particular quantitative study for every
field given and indicate its contribution to the
development of knowledge to that field.
 Field Title, Author/s, Year Contribution
published
Education
Medicine
Sports
Food Industry
Agriculture
Arts
Social Sciences
Environmental
Science
ICT
Energy
At the end of the lesson, you will be
able to:

Differentiate the kinds of variables and

their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3)
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

You have learned from the previous

lessons that quantitative research is
concerned about numerical or
measurable values that we can analyze
statistically.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

How do we measure such values?

Is it measurable at all times?
Do these values change?
Are these values applicable for descriptive,
correlational, ex post facto, quasi-
experimental and experimental research?
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this lesson, you will learn about the

different classifications of data used in
quantitative research and their examples.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Variables play a significant role in

quantitative research. When you intend to
accomplish something through research, the
boundaries of your goal must be defined
first to direct your focus into a specific
characteristic or condition through
identifying the variables of your research
study.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

To get an answer to an inquiry that they are

investigating, researchers will observe and
measure the quality or quantity of the
object of the study. It is therefore imperative
for the researcher to identify the variables
significant in explaining observed effects or
behavior.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A Variable is anything that has a quantity or

quality that varies. For instance, during the
quarantine period, your mother planted
tomato seedlings in pots. Now common
understanding from science tells you that
several factors are affecting the growth of
tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of soil, and
nutrients in soil. How fast the tomato
seedlings will grow and bear fruits will
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The growth of tomatoes and the number of

fruits
produced are examples of the Dependent
Variables. The amount of sunlight, water,
and nutrients in the soil are the Independent
Variables.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

If there is an existing relationship between

the independent and dependent variables,
then the value of the dependent variable
varies in response to the manipulation done
on the independent variable. The
independent variable is also identified as
the presumed cause while the dependent
variable is the presumed effect.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In an experimental quantitative design, the

independent variable is pre-defined and
manipulated by the researcher while the
dependent variable is observed and
measured. For descriptive, correlational, and
ex post facto quantitative research designs,
independent and dependent variables
simply do not apply.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

It is important to note other factors that

may influence the outcome (dependent
variable) not manipulated or pre-defined by
the researcher. These factors are called
Extraneous Variables. In our example above,
the presence of pests and environmental
stressors (e.g. pets, extreme weather) are
the extraneous variables.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Since extraneous variables may affect the

result of the experiment, it is crucial for the
researcher to identify them prior to
conducting the experiment and control them
in such a way that they do not threaten the
internal validity (i.e. accurate conclusion) of
the result.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Controlling the extraneous variable can be

done by holding it constant or distribute its
effect across the treatment. When the
researcher fails to control the extraneous
variable that it caused considerable effect to
the outcome, the extraneous variable
becomes a Confounding Variable.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

For example, if the tomato had been

infested by pests (confounding variable)
then you cannot conclude that
manipulations in sunlight, water, and soil
nutrients (independent variable) are the
only contributing factors for the stunted
growth and poor yield (dependent variable)
of the plant or is it the result of both the
independent variables and the confounding
 SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Variable

Quantitative Qualitative
(Numerical) (Categorical

Discree Continuo Nomina Ordinal

t us l Dichotomo
us
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

I. Quantitative Variables, also called

numerical variables, are the type of
variables used in quantitative research
because they are numeric and can be
measured. Under this category are discrete
and continuous variables.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. Discrete variables are countable whole

numbers. It does not take negative values or
values between fixed points. For example:
number of students in a class, group size
and frequency.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-

whole number) values that can either be a
positive or a negative. Example: height,
temperature.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Numerical data have two levels of

measurement, namely:
A. Intervals are quantitative variables where
the interval or differences between
consecutive values are equal and
meaningful, but the numbers are arbitrary.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Numerical data have two levels of measurement,
namely:
A. For example, the difference between 36
degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between
100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point
does not suggest the absence of a property being
measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is
assigned as the melting point of ice. Other
examples of interval data would be year and IQ
score.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Numerical data have two levels of measurement,
namely:
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval. The
only difference is the presence of a true zero
value. The zero point in this scale indicates the
absence of the quantity being measured.
Examples are age, height, weight, and distance.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

II. Qualitative Variables also referred to as

Categorical Variables are not expressed in
numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can
be further divided into dichotomous, nominal or
ordinal.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

II. Qualitative Variables

A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two

distinct categories or values, for example, a
response to a question either be a yes or no.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

II. Qualitative Variables

B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of

subjects. In here, you may have more than 2
categories of equivalent magnitude. For example,
a basketball player’s number is used to
distinguish him from other players. It certainly
does not follow that player 10 is better than
player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair
color and mode of transportation.
SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

II. Qualitative Variables

C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes

that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This
variable can have a qualitative or quantitative
attribute.
 SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
II. Qualitative Variables

C. Ordinal variable
For example, a survey questionnaire may have a
numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ranked
accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical
rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree
and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal
variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III),
Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest,
with high, with honors).
Activity
 Activity
Directions:
Identify the Independent, Dependent and
Extraneous variable/s in each of the following
situations.
1. Three groups of students were placed in a
classroom with controlled room temperatures of
18°C, 20°C, 25°C. The math exam scores of the
students were then taken and compared to the other
groups.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Extraneous variable:
2. An online seller would like to know whether the
indication of price on Facebook posts will attract
consumers more. He posted 50 products for sale on
Facebook market, 25 of which he indicated the price
while the remaining 25 products, did not have prices.
Buyers were just instructed to send him a personal
message (pm) if they want to know the price. He
then identified which products have greater sales.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Extraneous variable:
3. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for
her pechay plants: the soil purchased from an online
seller, soil from her backyard compost or the soil
underneath the nearby bamboo tree. She planted 30
pechay seeds into each soil source and then
compared the growth of pechay after a month.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Extraneous variable:
3. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for
her pechay plants: the soil purchased from an online
seller, soil from her backyard compost or the soil
underneath the nearby bamboo tree. She planted 30
pechay seeds into each soil source and then
compared the growth of pechay after a month.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Extraneous variable:
Summary
• Quantitative research uses scientifically collected
and statistically analyzed data to investigate
observable phenomena.
• Characteristics of quantitative research are
(1)Large sample size, (6) Fast data
collection,
(2)Objective, (7) Reliable data,
and
(3)Visual result presentation, (8) Replication.
(4)Faster data analysis,
• Kinds of quantitative research are
(1)Descriptive,
(2)Correlational,
(3)Ex post facto design,
(4)Quasi-experimental, and
(5)Experimental.
• Types of Variables:
(1)Independent,
(2)Dependent,
(3)Extraneous,
(4)Continuous,
(5)Discrete,
(6)Dichotomous,
(7)Nominal variable and
(8)Ordinal variable.