Zoonotic Disease

Zoonotic Diseases
Tuberculosis
 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that usually attacks the

lungs but it can also attack other parts of the body, including the kidneys,
spine and brain. TB also known colloquially as the ‘’White death’’.
 Tuberculosis has existed since antiquity, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB
was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s. Robert Koch( German
physician and microbiologist) identified and described the bacillus causing
tuberculosis, M.tuberculosis(Koch’s bacillus) on 24th March 1882. in 1905, he
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery.
 The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB), a small, aerobic,

nonmotile bacillus and content high lipid(Mycobacterium have an outer
membrane lipid bilayer). It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely
slow rate compared with other bacteria. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants
and survive in a dry state for weeks, the bacterium can grow only within the
cells of a host organism but it can be cultured in the laboratory.
 The M. tuberculosis complex(MTBC) include four other TB-causing
mycobacteria: M. bovis, was once a common cause of TB but the
introduction of pasteurized milk has almost eliminated this as a public
health problem in developed countries.
M. africanum, is not widespread
but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa.
M. canetti, is rare
and seems to be limited to the horn of Africa, although a few causes have
been seen in African emigrants. M.
microti, is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people.
Other known mycobacteria, M. avium and M. kansasii are classified as
nontuberculosis mycobacterium(NTM) or atypical mycobacteria.
 Transmission: TB can be transmitted from animals to humans in several

ways, including: consuming unpasteurized dairy, inhaling bacteria, Direct
contact or close contact with animals.
 Risk factors: people spend a lot of time around animals such as diary
workers…, people with close contact with people with TB, use of certain
medications such as corticosteroids and infliximab, active disease risk( the
most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent
HIV. Other risk factors include: alcoholism, tobacco smoking, silicosis,
diabetes mellitus, genetic susceptibility and indoor air pullotion.
 Signs and symptoms: a cough that lasts three weeks or longer, coughing
up blood or phlegm, chest pain, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of
appetite, chills , fever and night sweats. Other symptoms including, lymph
nodes(a firm red or purple swelling under the skin, kidneys(blood in the
urine), brain(headache or confusion) and larynx(hoarseness).
 Diagnosis: The incubation period for TB is typically 2-10 weeks but it can
range from weeks to years.
Medical history, imaging(CT scan, X-ray), Laboratory tests(TB
blood test, sputum smear or culture), Tuberculin Skin Test is often used for
latent tuberculosis.
 Treatment: The standardized regimens for treatment recommended by

WHO include five essential medicines designated as first line: isoniazid,
rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin.
 Prevention: bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG), in countries where TB or

leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon
as after birth as possible. In areas where TB is not common, only children
at highly risk are typically immunized while suspected cases of TB are
individually tested for and treated, Adults who have not been previously
immunized but are frequently exposed may be immunized as well.
BCG has also some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and
other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
Public health.
World wide campaigns.
 Management: Latent TB, New onset, Medication administration,
Medication resistance.
 Epidemiology: TB has been classically associated with poverty.
Overcrowding and malnutrition. Low income countries and
deprived areas within big cities in developed countries, present
the highest TB incidences and TB mortality rates. In 2022, 2.5
million people fell ill with TB in the Africa region, accounting for
quarter of new TB cases worldwide. An estimated 424,000 people
died from the disease in the African region(1.267 millions
globally) in 2022. over 33% of TB deaths occur in the African
region.

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Zoonotic Diseases

 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that usually attacks the

 The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB), a small, aerobic,

 Transmission: TB can be transmitted from animals to humans in several

 Treatment: The standardized regimens for treatment recommended by

 Prevention: bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG), in countries where TB or

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