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Lecture 5

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nathyfekadu860
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CSEg 1101 Introduction to Comput-

ing
Lecture 5
OUTLINE
Objects: Values and types
Tuples
Variables
Operators and operands
Expressions and Statements
Case study: Photo Processing
OBJECTS: VALUES AND TYPES

Programs work with data. Every piece of data in


a Python
program is called an object , e.g.,

3, 5.7, “Smith”, True, … simple


a digital photograph , hubo, … complex

A value itself is an object.

Every object has a type. The type determines what


you can do with an object.
Python Zoo
Imagine there is a zoo inside your Python interpreter.
Every time an object is created, an animal is born.
What an animal can do depends on the kind of ani-
mal: birds can fly, fish can swim, elephants can lift
weights, etc. When an animal is no longer used, it
dies(disappears).

How to create objects?


Simple objects: by writing them
Numbers
integer: 13, -5
float: 3.14159265
complex number: 3 + 6j

Strings(a piece of text)


“cce20003 is wonderful”
“cce20003 is great”
“The instructor said:
‘Well done!’ and smile”

Booleans(truth values)
True or False
Complex objects

User-defined objects: by calling functions that create them

from cs1robots import *


hubo = Robot()

from cs1media import *


load_picture("photos/geowi.jpg")
Data structures (objects composed of another objects):
by writing them

Tuples
(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
(“red”, “green”, “blue”)
(777, “a lucky number”)

Lists to be discussed later


Dictionary
Tuples
position = (3.0, 7.2, 5.7)
Instructors = (“Joseph S. Shin”, “Chang B. Choi”)

A tuple is a single object of type tuple:


>>> print position, type(position)
(3.0, -7.2, 5.7) <type ’tuple’>

We can unpack tuples:


x, y, z = position
Object types: The type of an object determines
what the object can do or what you can do
with the object. For instance, you can add two
numbers, but you cannot add two robots.

Type inquires
>>>type(3) >>>type(3 + 5j)
<Type ‘int’> <Type ‘complex’>
>>>type(3.145) >>>type(True)
<Type ‘float’> <Type ‘bool’>
>>>type(“Welcome”)
<Type ‘str’>
>>> from cs1robots import *
>>> type(Robot())
<class ’cs1robots.Robot’>

>>>from cs1media import *


>>> type( load_picture(“photos/geowi.jpg") )
<class ’cs1media.Picture’>

>>> type( (3, -1.5, 7) )


>>><type ’tuple’>
NB:A function return a value.
This value can be a tuple, and functions can return arbitrarily many values by
returning them as a tuple.
VARIABLES
A variable is a name that refers to an object(or a value).
An assignment statement is used to define a variable:

message = “Welcome“
n = 17
from cs1robots import *
create_world()
hubo = Robot()

pi = 3.1415926535897931
finished = True

from cs1media import *


img = load_picture(“photos/geowi.jpg")

In the Python zoo, the name is a sign board on


the animal’s cage.
Rules for variables and function names:

A name consists of letters, digits, and the underscore,


The first character of a name is a letter.
The name cannot be a keyword such as def, if, else, or while.
Upper case and lower case are different: Pi is not the same as pi.

Good:
msg = “cce20003 is fantastic“
ba13 = 13.0

Bad:
more@ = "illegal character“
13a = 13.0
def = “Definition”
The same name can be assigned to different objects (of
different types) in a program, e.g.,
n = 17 17
n = "Seventeen“ n “Seventeen”
n = 17.0 17.0

In the Python zoo, this means that the sign board is


moved from one animal to a different animal.
The object binding to a name is called the value of the
variable. The value can change over time.
3.141
pi = 3.1415 pi 5
“Joseph
name = “Joseph” name ”

To indicate that a variable is empty, we use the special


object
None (of type NoneType):
m = None
What objects can do depends on the type of object:
a bird can fly, a fish can swim. Objects provide meth-
ods to perform these actions. The methods of an ob-
ject are used through dot-syntax:

>>> b = "banana"
>>> print b.upper()
BANANA
>>>from cs1robots import *
>>> hubo = Robot()
>>> hubo.move()
>>> hubo.turn_left()
>>>from cs1media import *
>>>img = load_picture(“photos/yuna1”)
>>> print img.size()
(58, 50)
>>> img.show()
hubo = Robot("yellow”)
hubo.move() The same object may have
ami = hubo more than one name!

hubo = Robot("blue")
hubo.move()
ami.turn_left() hub yellow ro-
ami.move() bot
o
ami
blue ro-
bot
OPERATORS AND OPERANDS
Arithmetic operators are special symbols that repre-
sent computations such as +, -, *, /, %, and **. Oper-
ands are the values to which an operator is applied.

>>> 2 ** 16 a ** b = ab
65536
>>>15.3 + 3.0
18.3
>>>7 % 5
2
>>>7 / 5
1
>>>7.0 / 5
1.4
EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS
Expressions

Anexpressionisacombinationofobjects,variables,operator
s,andfunctioncalls:
3.0*(2**15-12/4)+4**3
Theoperatorshaveprecedenceasinmathematics:
1. exponentiation**
2. multiplicationanddivision* ,/,%
3. additionandsubtraction+,-
Whenindoubt,useparentheses!
How to represent? Which ones are right?
a/2*pi a/(2*pi ) a/2/pi
The operators + and * can be used for strings:

>>> "Hello " + “cce20003”


‘Hello cce2003’

>>> “cce20003 " * 8


‘cce20003 cce20003 cce20003 … cce2000’

Repeating 8 times!
Relational operators ==, !=, >, <, <=, and >= are
used to compare objects. The results are Boolean values, True
or False. A Boolean expression is an expression whose
value is of type bool. They are used in if and while
statements.

>>>27 == 14
False
>>> 3.14 != 3.14
False

>>> 3.14 >= 3.14


True
>>> “Cheong” < “Choe”
True
>>> "3" == 3
False
x=9
if x == 3 ** 2 :
print “x is a perfect square”

if x % 2 != 0:
print “x is odd”
The keywords not, and, and or are logical operators:

not True Flase


not False True

False and False False False or False False


False and True False False or True True
True and False False True or False True
True and True True True or True True
x = 5.0
y = 6.0
z = 7.0

if x < y and y < z:


print “z is the largest one.”
if y < x or y < z:
print “ y is not the least one.”
if not z >= 6.0:
print “z is not the largest one.”
STATEMENTS(INSTRUCTIONS)

conditionals: if, if, and if


iterations
for-loops
while-loops
assignments a = b
input/output
(functions)
Review: for-loops

for variable in range(n):

block of statements

The block of statements(instructions) are executed n


times. While performing the block, variable changes
from 0 to n-1.
Starting from 0, it is incremented by one at each iteration
to reach n-1.
for i in range(4): What does this short code do?
print i It prints 0, 1, 2, and 3.

For i in range(7):
What does this short
print "*“ * i code do ?

*
**
***
****
*****
******
CASE STUDY: PHOTO PROCESSING

Reference : Otfried Cheong, Photo processing


with cs1media
pixel coordinates (x, y), 0, 0
w
……
0,0 1,0 2,0 …… w-1,0

…… ……
0,1 1,1 2,1 w-1,1

0,2 1,2 2,2 …… …… w-1,2

…… …… …… …… …… ……

…… …… …… …… …… ……

0, h-1 1, h-1 2, h-1 …… …… w-1, h-1


h
Colors are often represented as a tuple with
three elements that specify the intensity of
red, green, and blue light:
red = (255, 0, 0)
green = (0, 255, 0)
blue = (0, 0, 255)

white = (255, 255, 255)


black = (0, 0, 0)

yellow = (255, 255, 0)


purple = (128, 0, 128)
from cs1media import *
img = create_picture(100, 100, “purple”)
img.show()
img.set_pixels(“yellow”)
“yellow”: (255, 255,
img.show()
0)
“purple”: (128, 0,
>>> img.get(250, 188) 128) red, green, blue
(101, 104, 51) triples
>>> img.set(250, 188, (255, 0, 0))
Color conversion
(r, g, b) (255-r, 255-g, 255-
b)
from cs1media import *

img = load_picture(“./images/yuna.jpg")

w, h = img.size()

for y in range(h):

for x in range(w):

r, g, b = img.get(x, y)

r, g, b = 255 - r, 255 - g, 255 - b


w, h = img.size()
white = 255
black=0
print "imae size: w,h = ", w,h
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r, g, b = img.get(x,y)
v = (r+g+b) / 3.0 threshold
if v > 100: (0 <= v <= 255)
img.set(x,y, white)
else:
img.set(x,y, black)
img.show()

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