CH 17

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Chapter 17

Electric Forces and Fields


17.1 Electric Charge
Objectives
• Understand the basic properties of
electric charge

• Differentiate between conductors and


insulators

• Distinguish between charging by


contact, charging by induction, and
charging by polarization
How / Why does electric charge happen?
Electrostatics - Properties

• Two kinds of charge: positive


negative

• Electric charge is conserved

• Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

• Charges travel between unlike materials


Electrostatics – More Properties
• The fundamental unit of electric charge is
denoted by the small letter “e”
• An electron has a charge of –e
• A proton has a charge of +e

• Quantized: Electric charges are always a


multiple of e. (+/- 1e, +/- 2e, +/-3e etc.)

• Value of e = 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs


and 1.0 C = 6.2x1018electrons
Electrostatics
• Charge was discovered by Robert
Millikan (oil drop experiment)
Electrostatics
• Negatively charged drop suspended
inside had no net force
Electrostatics - Transfer
• CONDUCTORS – electric charge
moves freely
• INSULATORS – electric charge does
not move freely
• Semiconductors
• Superconductors
Electrostatics – Methods of Charging
• By contact
• Two objects touching each other
• Conductors or insulators
• By induction
• No contact required
• Grounding source needed
• Conductors only
• By polarization
• Realignment of charge on surface
• Contact or no contact
• Insulators only
Charging by Contact
Triboelectric Series
Electron Losers
Air
Human skin
• Rubbing two different Rabbit fur
materials together results Glass
Human hair
in the transfer of electrons Nylon
Wool
• The prefix “tribo” means Cat fur
Silk
“to rub” Aluminum
Neutral - steel
Neutral - cotton
• The Triboelectric Series is Wood
a list that ranks materials Lucite
according to their Acrylic
Rubber balloon
tendency to gain or lose Hard rubber
electrons Nickel, copper
Polyester
Plastic wrap
Scotch tape
Teflon
Electron Gainers
Charging by Induction
Charging by Polarization

PhET Interactive, UC-Boulder


Example of static electricity in nature?
Electroscope
• A device that can be used to detect and
demonstrate the presence of a static charge
17.2 Electric Force
Objectives
• Calculate electric force using Coulomb’s Law

• Compare electric force with gravitational force

• Apply the superposition principle to find the


resultant force on a charge and to find the
position at which the net charge is zero.
Coulomb’s Law: Electric Force

F electric = k (q q )
C 1 2

r
2

9 2
kC = Coulomb constant = 8.99x10 Nm
C2
q1 = charge of charge 1 (C)
q2 = charge of charge 2 (C)
r = distance between charge 1 & charge 2 (m)
• Felectric is a vector quantity

• Magnitude
• Direction
Comparison of forces

Gravitational (Fg) Electric (Felectric)

Fg = G m1m2 Felectric = kC q1q2


r2 r2

G = gravitational constant = 6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2


kC = Coulomb constant = 8.99x109 Nm2/C2
Resultant Force
The sum of all individual vector forces
What is the resultant (net) force C will feel?

A is pushing C away FAC = 0.067 N


B is pulling C toward it FBC = 0.022 N
Fnet-C = FAC – FBC = 0.067 – 0.022 = 0.045 N
q1 and q3: same or opposite charge?
q2 and q3: same or opposite charge?
Lab – Balloon Electrostatics
Lab – Balloon Electrostatics
• Sum the vectors in the x-direction
• Sum the vectors in the y-direction
• From the diagram, Felectric can be found
• Felectric is equal and opposite Tx (tension)
• Q can be found
• Finally, the number of electrons can be found
17.3 Electric Field
Objectives
• Calculate electric field strength
• Draw and interpret electric field lines
• Identify the four properties associated
with a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium
Electric Field
• Electric Field is the field that permeates the
space around a charged object and in which
another charged object experiences an electric
force

• Electric Field is a ratio of Force to Charge


E = Felectric / q0

• The direction of E is defined as the direction of


the electric force that would be exerted on a
small positive test charge (q0)
Electric Field Strength

kc qqo
Felectric  2
r

Felectric qqo
E kc 2
qo r qo

q
E kc 2
r
Electric Field
A vector quantity with…..

MAGNITUDE determined by: E = kCq N/C


r2

DIRECTION determined by: The direction of the force


that charge (q) would exert
on a small positive test
charge placed in it’s vicinity
Electric Field Lines
• Electric Field Lines are lines that
represent both the magnitude and the
direction of the electric field.

• The number of lines shown is proportional


to the electric field strength. As lines get
closer together, the field strength
increases.
Electric Field Lines – Rules for Drawing
• Lines begin on + charges (or at infinity)
and terminate on – charges (or at infinity)

• The number of lines drawn leaving a + or


terminating on a – is proportional to the
magnitude of the charge

• No two field lines can cross one another.


Electric Field Lines - Monopoles

The electric field from an


isolated positive charge

The electric field from an


isolated negative charge
Electric Field Lines - Dipoles
E-Field Lines: Point source vs Uniform source
An isolated conductor
with no net motion of
charge is said to be in a
state of…..

Electrostatic Equilibrium
Four Properties of Electrostatic Equilibrium
1. The electric field is zero inside a conductor
2. Any excess charge resides entirely on the
surface of the conductor
3. The electric field just outside a charged
conductor is perpendicular to the conductor’s
surface
4. On an irregularly shaped conductor, charge
tends to accumulate where the radius of
curvature is smallest.
Van de Graaff
Generator
The Van de Graaff Generator

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