CABLES

Insulating materials Commonly used insulating

Dielectric properties of cable insulation:materials are:
1. high insulation resistance a. Oil-impregnated paper
2. high dielectric strength b. Vulcanized India
3. good mechanical properties rubber(V.I.R)
4. c. Polyvinyl chloride(P.V.C)
immune to attacks by acids & alkalies
5. non-hygroscopic d. SF6 gas
e. Cross-linked polythene(XLPE)
Types of Power Cables
1. Single-core cable
2. Three-core cable
a. Belted -type construction
b. H-type construction
3. Oil-filled cable
4. Gas-filled cable- consisting of a conductor supported in a rigid
external pipe
which is filled with a gas under pressure- usually SF6 at 3*
atmospheric
pressure XLPE cables
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Laying of cables
a. Direct in the soil
A considerable amount of transmission & distribution, especially in
urban areas is carried out by means of underground cables. In order
to preserve amenities of both town and countryside the electricity
supply authorities resort to underground transmission & distribution.
Underground transmission is more expensive than the overhead
alternative.
b. In ducts or troughs
c. In circular ducts or pipes
Heating of cables
d. In air (in cable trays)
The temperature rise of cable depends on the following factors:
1. The production of heat within the external periphery of the cable.
2. The conveyance of the heat as far as the periphery - that is, up to
the boundary
of the surrounding medium
3. The conveyance of the heat through this medium, and therefore
away from the
cable.
4. The current rating of the cables.
5. The nature of the load, i.e. whether continuous or intermittent;
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Heat production
Within the cable, there are three sources of heat:
1. I2 R loss in conductors
2. Dielectric loss
3. Sheath & armour loss

Current carrying capacity of cables

The limiting factor in current rating is the temperature to
which the insulation nearest the conductor can be raised
without suffering deterioration.
The allowable values of temperature rise for different types
of cables may be obtained from the manufacturer's data
books.
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L. V. XLPE-
PVC Wire Welding
PVC Cable
Cable

PVC Control Fire H. V.

Cable Resistance XLPE-PVC
Cable Cable

Rubber Corrugate U. H. V.
Insulated d Armor XLPE-PVC
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Cable
Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties:
shielded and unshielded.

Unshielded twisted pair

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic
layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided
metal shield (See fig). The metal shield helps to block any outside
interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

Fig. Coaxial cable

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Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by
several layers of protective materials (See fig)
It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the
problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain
environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference
Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much
longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the
capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This
capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services
such as video conferencing and interactive services. The cost of
fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is
more difficult to install and modify.

Fig Fiber optic cable

Facts about fiber optic cables:

· Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC.
· Kevlar fiber helps to strengthen the cable and prevent
breakage.
· A plastic coating is used to cushion the fiber center.
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UNDERGROUND CABLE NETWORK
Underground cable network is an important element in the
power delivery chain from sub-transmission to the doorstep
of consumer.

Importance of underground cable network and its efficient

management in the modern day electric utility is of prime
importance.

Underground cable network has salient benefits of reliability

and safety endowed with suitable technological
developments.
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Sub-Transmission
Network
About 95 % of the Sub-Transmission and Distribution
Network in middle east consists of Underground
Cables. Typical single line diagram of a Receiving Station
22 / 33 kV Incomer 22 / 33 kV Incomer

22/33 kV Breaker 22/33 kV Breaker

10 / 20 MVA power 10 / 20 MVA power

transformer transformer

11 kV Breaker 11 kV Breaker

Bus Coupler
Station Transformer

Capacitor No.1

Capacitor No.2
Feeder

Feeder
Feeder
Feeder

Feeder
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Cross-Section of HT
Cable RMB/MISC/CABLE SEC.

PVC FILLER
STRANDED ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR

INNER SEMICON

GALVANISED STEEL ROUND WIRE

XLPE INSULATION

COPPER TAPE
SEMICONDUCTING WATER SWELLABLE TAPE
OUTER SEMICON
PVC ST2 OUTER SHEATH

PRESSURE EXTRUDED
PVC ST2 INNER SHEATH

CROSS SECTIONAL DRAWING FOR

33KV 3CX400 sq.mm-A2XWY CABLE
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HT Cables
Conductor Screening: Either non-metallic semi-conducting
tape or a layer of extruded semi-conducting compound or a
combination of two.

Insulation: XLPE extruded insulation

Insulation Screening: Extruded Semi-conducting screening

with water swellable tapes and metallic screening.

Inner Sheath: Pressure extruded inner sheathing of Black

PVC.

Armour: The Armour shall be of galvanized steel round

wires with fault level of 1500 MVA at 33kV & 500 MVA at 11
kV. Duration of fault level is one (1) second.

Outer Sheath: An extruded outer sheathing of Blue PVC .

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Cross-Section of LT Cable
D:\\ OLDHDD\MISC\cross sectional view of 3.5 c x 240 sqmm cable

CROSS SECTIONAL DRAWING FOR

3.5 C X 240 sqmm (A2 X FY) L.T. CABLE

EXTRUDED PVC
XLPE INSULATION
OUTER SHEATH

SECTOR SHAPED FLAT G.S.STRIP

ALLUMINUM CONDUCTOR EXTRUDED PVC
INNER SHEATH
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LT Cable
Insulation: XLPE extruded insulation

Inner Sheath: An extruded inner sheathing of Black

PVC conforming to the requirement of type ST-2.

Armour: The dimension of galvanized steel Strips

shall be as specified and shall conform to IS:7098/Pt-1

Outer Sheath: An extruded outer sheathing of Yellow

PVC.
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Cable Jointing Methods
Cable jointing is as important as
manufacture/installation. A very healthy cable,
properly tested at the manufacturer’s work and laid
may fail due to defective and careless jointing.

Types of Jointing carried out:

a) Polyurethane Cable Jointing.

b) Heat shrinkable Cable Jointing.

In case of cable joints (Straight Through Joints) and

terminations the emphasis is laid on quality and
selection of proper cable accessories, proper jointing
techniques depending on type of cable, skill and
workmanship of the working personnel. The quality
of the joint is such that it does not add any resistant
to the circuit. The materials and techniques so
designed to give adequate mechanical and electrical
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Fault Analysis of Underground
Cables
a) 75% of the interruptions are due to damaging of cables by
external agencies. For this it is recommended that Safeguarding of
the cable network be given due importance.

b) 25 % of the interruptions are caused by component failure. The

number of interruptions can be reduced by strict quality control,
proper training of personnel to improve the quality of workmanship,
improvements in the preventive/ condition based maintenance
strategies.
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Gland For Gland With Gland For Outdoor

Indoor Use Integral Outdoor And
Earth For Use Flameproof
H.V. Glands
Why Do We UseApplications
Cable Glands?
-To firmly secure cable entering a piece of equipment
-To maintain the ingress protection of the piece of equipment
(minimum of IP54 for 'e' and 'n' type enclosures. Where the
enclosure wall thickness is less than 6mm a sealing washer or
thread sealant will be required to maintain IP54 protection)
-To maintain earth continuity between a piece of equipment and
any armouring in the cable
-- To ensure containment of an internal explosion in flameproof
equipment
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Pre-insulated Copper Tube 4 Bolt Lugs

Small Lugs 600/1000 600/1000
Terminals Volts Volts

‘Waterblocked’
Reducing Splices For 11KV Ccable Straight Splices For
H.V. Copper End High Voltage -
Termination Copper
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Single Core Single Core High Voltage Heatshrink

Termination Kits For Heatshrink Joints For Busbar Tubing For
Plastic & Rubber Unarmoured Cables Installations Upto 36KV
Insulated Cables 11KV

Cold Applied Outdoor

3 Core Termination Kits Termination For Plastic Universal Cold
For Plastic & Rubber And Rubber Insulated Applied Boot Kit
Insulated Cables Cables
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Cable Termination
Good installation practices
There are some basic rules of good installation practices one should
use when making connections with aluminum / copper conductors in
various types of installations. These rules vary per type of connector
and termination material.
Using mechanical screw-type connectors.
* Use connectors that are listed by UL for use with aluminum and
copper conductors and sized to accept aluminum / copper conductors
of the ampacity specified.
* Use a suitable stripping tool to avoid damage to the conductor, to
remove insulation from the required length of the conductor.
* Wire brush the conductor and apply a listed joint compound.
* Tighten the connection per the connector manufacturer's
recommendation.
* Wipe off any excess joint compound.
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Using mechanical compression-type connectors.
* Use connectors that are listed by UL for use with aluminum and
copper conductors and sized to accept aluminum / copper
conductors of the ampacity specified.
* Use lugs that are marked with wire size, die index, number and
location of crimps, and suitably color coded. Lug barrel must be
factory prefilled with a joint compound listed by UL.
* Use a stripping tool to avoid damage to the conductor and to
remove insulation from the required length of the conductor .
* Wire brush the conductor.
* Crimp the connection per the connector manufacturer's
recommendation.
* Wipe off any excess joint compound.