Dictionaries, Modules,
Commands, Libraries, and
Examples
Dr. Saima Nisar
PhD (IT), MS (IT), BBA (Hons.)
Learning Objectives:
• Classes and Objects
• Python Dictionaries
• Import and use Modules
• Python Libraries
• Plot Graphs with Matplotlib
• Apply Machine Learning with Scikit-learn
What is a Class?
• A class is a blueprint for creating objects (instances).
• It defines a set of attributes (variables) and methods
(functions) that the objects created from the class can
have.
What is a Object?
• An object is an instance of a class.
• Each object contains data (attributes) and behavior
(methods).
• Objects allow you to store data and perform actions
based on that data.
Class and Object
# Define a simple class called Dog
class Dog:
# A method to make the dog bark
def bark(self):
print("Woof!")
# Create an object (a dog)
my_dog = Dog()
# Make the dog bark
my_dog.bark()
What is a Dictionary?
• A dictionary is a data type that works with keys and
values instead of indexes. Each value stored in a
dictionary can be accessed using a key, which can
be any type of object.
# Creating a dictionary with keys and values
phonebook = {
"John": 938477566,
"Jack": 938377264,
"Jill": 947662781
}
# Accessing a value using a key
print(phonebook["John"]) # Output: 938477566
Iterating Over Dictionaries
• In Python, you can iterate over key-value pairs in
a dictionary using the .items() method, which
returns each pair as a tuple.
• The key is the first element, and the value is the
second element.
for name, number in phonebook.items():
print(f'Phone number of {name} is {number}')
Iterating Over Dictionaries
How it works:
phonebook.items() returns a list of tuples where
each tuple contains a key-value pair.
Example: ("John", 938477566).
The loop assigns:
• name to the key (e.g., "John")
• number to the value (e.g., 938477566)
Output is formatted using an f-string to print a
custom message:
• Phone number of {name} is {number}
Removing Values from a Dictionary
To remove items from a dictionary specified key, use
either one of the following notations:
del phonebook['John’]
phonebook.pop('John’)
Both methods will remove the key 'John' and its
associated value from the dictionary.
What is a Module?
• In programming, a module is a single file (with a .py
extension) that contains Python code, such as functions,
classes, and variables, and is designed to provide specific
functionality.
• Each module is a different file, making the code more
organized and easier to manage. You can edit each
module separately.
• Example:
math: Provides mathematical functions like square roots.
datetime: Handles date and time manipulation.
Python Commands
• The keyword.kwlist command actually prints out
all the reserved keywords in Python, not all
commands.
• Keywords are specific reserved words that have
special meaning in Python (like if, for, while,
class, etc.).
import keyword
Print(keyword.kwlist)
Python Libraries
• Python Libraries are collections of modules that
provide useful functions and eliminate the need for
writing code from scratch.
• There are over 137,000 python libraries present
today.
• Python libraries play a vital role in developing
machine learning, data science, data visualization,
image and data manipulation applications and more.
• Examples: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn
Key Python Libraries
Python Libraries
• Python libraries provide reusable code for tasks
such as data analysis, machine learning, and more.
Common libraries include NumPy, Pandas, and
Matplotlib.
python -m pip install numpy
python -m pip install scipy
python -m pip install
matplotlib
python -m pip install
pandas
Example: Graphing with Matplotlib
Example of using Matplotlib to plot a simple graph.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Create 1000 evenly spaced values from 0 to 100
t = np.linspace(0, 100, 1000)
# Plot t vs t^2 (quadratic function)
plt.plot(t, t**2)
# Display the plot
plt.show()
Example: Graphing with Matplotlib
1.import numpy as np:
This imports the NumPy library and assigns it the alias np for
ease of use. NumPy is widely used for working with arrays and
numerical data.
2.import matplotlib.pyplot as plt:
This imports the Matplotlib library’s pyplot module as plt.
Matplotlib is commonly used for plotting graphs and visualizing
data.
3.t = np.linspace(0, 100, 1000):
The np.linspace() function generates an array of 1,000 evenly
spaced numbers between 0 and 100.
t will store this array of values, which will be used as the x-axis
values for the graph.
Example: Graphing with Matplotlib
4.plt.plot(t, t**2):
plt.plot() is the function that plots a graph.
t is the array of x-values (from 0 to 100).
t**2 is the array of y-values, where each value of t
is squared. So, the graph will plot the square of t
on the y-axis.
5.plt.show():
This displays the graph to the user. Without calling
this, the graph won't appear.
Example: Machine Learning with
Scikit-learn
Here is an example of using Scikit-learn for machine
learning.
The Iris dataset is one of the most famous datasets
used in machine learning. Adding a brief description
could help clarify this for beginners.
from sklearn import datasets
iris = datasets.load_iris()
print(iris.data[:5])
Example: Machine Learning with
Scikit-learn
1.From sklearn import datasets :
This imports the datasets module from scikit-learn, a library that
provides a collection of machine learning datasets and functions
to load them
2.Iris = datasets.load_iris():
This line loads the Iris dataset, which contains information about
150 iris flowers, categorized into 3 species: Setosa, Versicolor,
and Virginica.
The dataset includes 4 features for each flower:
Sepal length Sepal width
Petal length Petal width
These features are stored in iris.data, and the species (labels)
are stored in iris.target.
Example: Machine Learning with
Scikit-learn
3. print(iris.data[:5]):
This prints the first 5 rows of the dataset, showing the feature
values (sepal and petal measurements) for the first 5 flowers.
The output will be a NumPy array containing the
measurements for each flower.
Thank you
