Topic 7

ICT615
Information Technology Research

Methods
Topic 7
Design and creation research
Acknowledgement
of Country
We acknowledge the Binjareb people of the Noongar nation as
the traditional custodians of this country and its waters and that
Murdoch University stands on Noongar country.
We pay our respects to Noongar elders, past and present and

acknowledge their wisdom and advice in teaching and cultural
knowledge activities.
Readings and resources
Required reading:
• Oates Ch 8
Optional reading:
• Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J. & Ram, S. (2004) Design science in
information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1) 75-105.
• Vaishnavi, V. and Kuechler, W., W. Design Research in Information
Systems.
3
Learning objectives
After completing this topic you should be able to:
• Describe the kinds of ICT products that might be designed as part of
ICT research
• Describe the nature of design and creation research and clarify how it
differs from system development
• Explain the meaning of the term ‘proof of concept’ in the context of ICT
research
• Describe criteria for the evaluation of design and creation research
• Discuss the issues associated with the role of clients in design and
creation research
4
Design and Creation is a research strategy or approach
5
Types of IT artefacts
Different types of ICT products (artefacts) can be designed and

developed:
• Constructs - concepts or vocabulary used in a particular IT
related domain – e.g. entities, object-orientation
• Models - represent a situation and aid understanding and
solution development – e.g. OSI model
• Methods – approaches to solving problems – e.g. algorithms,
system development methodologies
• Instantiations - working systems that demonstrate
implementations in a system (AKA as prototype or proof of
concept)
6
A researcher using a design and creation approach would develop
one or more ICT artefacts as part of their contribution to knowledge
Question:
• How does design and creation research differ from normal
system development?
7
Examples of IT design and creation research
• ICT can be the main focus of the research – e.g. a new technology or
adaption for a new domain
• ICT can be a vehicle for something else – e.g. developed to allow

comparison of 2 algorithms
• The focus can be on the process of technology use or system development

– e.g. trialling a new development approach, where the system developed
isn’t the new contribution to knowledge
Design and creation might be the only research approach, or it might be

combined with another – e.g. experimental evaluation
8
Question:
• What are examples of ICT design and creation research you

have heard about?
9
Planning and conducting design and
creation research
Follow a
problem-solving
approach -
using
established
development
principles
where possible
10
http://desrist.org/design-research-in-information-systems/
Proof of concept
When ICT artefacts are developed often the researchers do not

evaluate whether they would work in a real world context – a
prototype is usually sufficient
The objective is to show that something is possible – proof of
concept or proof by demonstration
For example:
• A Prototype Expert System Based on Laguerre Adaptive Control
• Infusing perceptual expertise and domain knowledge into a hum
an-
centered image retrieval system: A prototype application
11
Development
• How development is done depends on the type of ICT artefact – e.g.

mathematical proof, software development manual – if proposing a
development methodology
• If developing software need to explain and document how the stages

of analysis, design, implementation, and testing were done.
• Needs to provide traceability – the reader must be able to look at the
final product and trace back to see how this implementation is related
to the design and analysis stages
12
Evaluation of design and creation research
When evaluating design and creation research need to consider:
• What kind of IT artefact is created?

• What differentiates the work from normal design and development work?
• Is enough information given about the development methodology?
• Do the researchers describe their use of any data generation methods?
• Is enough evaluation information provided?
• Do the researchers use their results to make generalisations? Is this
appropriate?
• What limitations in their design and creation strategy do the researchers
recognise?
13
Clients
Some ICT research projects are sponsored by a client:

• Can provide funding and improve the relevance
BUT
• Can be a conflict between the client’s interests and the
researcher’s interests
Question: Why might there be a conflict between the client’s

interests and the researcher’s interests?
Need to get an agreement on goals, confidentiality, and intellectual
property before research commences
14
Learning objectives revisited
• What 4 kinds of ICT products might be designed as part of ICT

research?
• How does design and creation research differ from system
development?
• What does ‘proof of concept’ mean in the context of ICT research?
• What criteria can be used when evaluating design and creation
research?
• What issues can be associated with the role of clients in design and
creation research?
15
Thank you

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ICT615

Information Technology Research

We pay our respects to Noongar elders, past and present and

Different types of ICT products (artefacts) can be designed and

• ICT can be a vehicle for something else – e.g. developed to allow

• The focus can be on the process of technology use or system development

Design and creation might be the only research approach, or it might be

• What are examples of ICT design and creation research you

When ICT artefacts are developed often the researchers do not

• How development is done depends on the type of ICT artefact – e.g.

• If developing software need to explain and document how the stages

When evaluating design and creation research need to consider:

• What kind of IT artefact is created?

Some ICT research projects are sponsored by a client:

Question: Why might there be a conflict between the client’s

• What 4 kinds of ICT products might be designed as part of ICT

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