Character of Covalent Bond

"Like atoms we
collide, like electrons

we move, like bonds
we share, like
crystals we grow."
PICHE-JCB tagline
CHARACTER OF
COVALENT BOND
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Quick Review
●A bond results from the attraction
of nuclei for electrons
○All atoms are trying to achieve a
stable octet
●IN OTHER WORDS

○the protons (+) in one nucleus are
attracted to the electrons (-) of
another atom (Electronegativity)
Quick Review
Types of Intermolecular Forces
● Ion-IonForce (Strongest)
● Ion-DipoleForce
● HydrogenBonding
● Dipole-Dipole Interaction
● DispersionForces (weakest)
Quick Review
Quick Review
Quick Review
Determine whether the following compounds are
polar or non-polar?
1. CO2
2. BF3
3. NH3
4. ClF3
5. BrF5
Quick Review
Determine whether the following compounds are
polar or non-polar?
1. CO2 – non polar

2. BF3 – non polar
3. NH3 - polar
4. ClF3 - polar
5. BrF5 – polar
COVALENT
BONDS Examples of compounds that contain
only covalent bonds are methane
(CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and
The formation of a covalent bond hydrogen gas (H2).
is the result of atoms sharing
some electrons.
A covalent bond consists of
the simultaneous attraction of
two nuclei for one or more
pairs of electrons
The bond is created by the

Occurs between nonmetal
overlapping of two atomic
atoms which need to gain
orbitals.
electrons to get a stable octet
of electrons or a filled outer
BOND POLARITY
BOND LENGTH
AC T E
CHAR BOND ENERGY
R OF
AL E N T BOND ORDER
COV
B O ND BOND ANGLE
BOND POLARITY
● Separation of charges in a bond
● Results from the unequal distribution of electrons between two atoms

sharing a bond due to differences in their electronegativity.
● Cl2, F2, O2 (all these are non-polar covalent molecules; they are also
called homonuclear diatomic molecules)
● When atoms are different (electronegativity difference < ~1.7) , the
more electronegative atom has a greater share of the bonding
electrons than the less electronegative atom.
● Non-metals are more electronegative than metals.
Factors
Affecting Bond
Polarity
Electronegativit
y Difference
Order of electronegativity of
common elements found in
organic compounds:
F>O>N=Cl>Br>I=C>H
Factors Example:
1. NH4+ ion
Affecting Bond
Polarity
Formal Charge
In this case, the sum of the formal charges is 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 1+
Example:
2. CH3O-
A formal charge compares the
number of electrons around a
"neutral atom" (an atom not in a
molecule) versus the number of
electrons around an atom in a
molecule.
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Difference in
Factors Hybridization
Affecting Bond
Difference in hybridization of
Polarity two identical atoms may also
Nature of Adjacent affect the polarity of a bond.
Atom For instance, the C-H bond in
The polarity of identical bonds
acetylene is more polar than
may differ as a result of
the C-H bond in ethylene.
varied nature of adjacent
atoms
An sp hybrid has ½ or 50% s
character, sp2 has a 1/3 or
33 % s character while an
sp3 hybrid has ¼ or 25% s
character.
Exercise
●The electronegativity
of C,H,O,N and S are 2.5, 2.1, 3.5, 3.0 a
nd 2.5 respectively. Which of the
following bond is most polar?
●A) O – H B) S – H C) N – H D)
C–H
Exercise
● The electronegativity
of C,H,O,N and S are 2.5, 2.1, 3.5, 3.0 and 2.5 respectiv
ely. Which of the following bond is most polar?
● A) O – H B) S – H C) N – H D) C – H
BOND LENGTH
● The average distance between the centre of the nuclei of
the two bonded atoms is called bond length
● The length of the bond is determined by the number of
bonded electrons (the bond order).
● The higher the bond order, the stronger the pull between
the two atoms and the shorter the bond length.
Multiplicity of the
Factors Bond
Affecting Bond
Length The bond length
Bond Polarity
decreases with the
Polar bond length is usually
smaller than the theoretical
multiplicity of the bond.
non-polar bond length. Thus, bond length of
carbon–carbon bonds
are in the order, C ≡ C
< C = C < C – C.
Nature of Adjacent
Factors Group or Atoms
Affecting Bond
Length
Orbital
Electronegativity
The greater the s-
character of the hybrid
orbital, the shorter is
the bond length.
For example, sp3 C – H >
sp2 C – H > sp C – H
BOND ENERGY
● The amount of energy necessary to break one mole

of bonds in a substance, dissociating the substance
in the gaseous state into atoms of its elements in
the gaseous state.
● Factors Affecting Bond Energy
● 1. Bond polarity
● 2. Orbital electronegativity
● 3. Bond order
BOND ORDER
● Bond order is a measurement of the number of
electrons involved in bonds between two atoms in a
molecule.
● Most of the time, bond order is equal to the number
of bonds between two atoms.
BOND ANGLE
● The angle that is formed between two adjacent

bonds on the same atom
● Bond angle of 109o 28’ would be expected if sp3
hybrids are utilized, 120o if sp2 hybrids and 180o of
sp hybridized
Factors affecting Bond Angle:

1. Hybridization of Central Atom
2. Interelectronic repulsion or repulsion of electron
clouds
END
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Character of Covalent Bond

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Character of Covalent Bond

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"Like atoms we

collide, like electrons

●IN OTHER WORDS

1. CO2 – non polar

The bond is created by the

● Separation of charges in a bond

● Results from the unequal distribution of electrons between two atoms

● The amount of energy necessary to break one mole

● The angle that is formed between two adjacent

Factors affecting Bond Angle:

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