Graphical

Representat
ion of Data
S TAT I S T I C S I N
P S YC H O LO GY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction

Importance of Graphical
Representation

Scales of Measurement

Types of Graphical Representation-

Bar, Pie

Types of Graphical Representation-

Historgram, Frequency Polygon
Introduction
What is Graphical
Representation of Data?

Arfin Aftab
What is Graphical Representation
of Data?
Graphic representation in statistics refers to the use of visual aids, such as charts,
graphs, diagrams, and plots, to display data in a visual format. These visual
representations are used to summarize and convey information from data sets in a way
that is easy to understand and interpret. Graphic representation in statistics helps to
visualize patterns, trends, and relationships within data, and can be a powerful tool for
data analysis, data interpretation, and data communication.

In simple terms, A graphical representation of data is a visual display of information using

graphs, charts, diagrams, or other visual aids. It is a way of presenting numerical data in
a clear and concise manner, allowing patterns and relationships to be easily identified.
Graphical representation can help to make data easier to understand and interpret, as it
can convey complex information in a simple and intuitive way. Examples of graphical
representations include bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms.
What is the
Importance of
Graphical
Representatio
n of Data?
Why is it used?

Arfin Aftab
 Importance
TITLE DESCRIPTION
Data Visualisation Graphic representation provides a visual depiction of data, making it
easier to understand complex data sets at a glance. Charts, graphs,
diagrams, and plots can help reveal patterns, trends, and
relationships within data that may not be immediately apparent when
looking at raw data or numerical values alone.
Data Analysis Graphic representation can facilitate data analysis by allowing
statisticians and data analysts to visually explore and examine data.
Visual representations can help identify outliers, spot trends or
patterns, detect anomalies, and make comparisons between different
categories or variables, leading to deeper insights and a better
understanding of the data.
Data Communication Graphic representation serves as a powerful means of
communication, enabling data to be presented in a visually
compelling and easily understandable format. Visual representations
of data can be used in reports, presentations, dashboards, and other
forms of communication to effectively convey key findings, support
arguments, and facilitate decision-making by making complex
information more accessible to a wider audience.
 Importance
TITLE DESCRIPTION

Enhancing Decision-Making Graphic representation can aid decision-making by providing a

visual summary of data, helping decision-makers quickly grasp
key information and make informed choices. Visualizations can
be used to support decision-making in various domains, such as
business, finance, healthcare, education, and social sciences.
Enhancing Understanding and Engagement Graphic representation can make statistical concepts more
understandable and engaging to a wider audience, including
those who may not have strong statistical or mathematical
backgrounds. Visual representations can simplify complex
information, making it more accessible and engaging, and
increasing the likelihood of understanding and retention.
Identifying Patterns and Trends Graphic representation can reveal patterns, trends, and
relationships within data that may not be apparent in numerical
form. Visualizations can help identify trends over time, highlight
patterns in data distributions, or illustrate correlations between
variables, providing valuable insights for making data-driven
decisions.
Scales of
Measurement
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Nivita Jain
 Scales of Measurements
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio are the four levels of measurement used in
statistics and data analysis.

Nomina Interval
• A nominal scale is used for • An interval scale is used for data
categorical data that has no that can be measured on a
inherent order or hierarchy, such as continuous scale, such as

l Scale gender or race. The data is

categorized into groups or classes,
and numbers are assigned to each
Scale temperature or time. The values on
an interval scale are equally
spaced, but there is no true zero
category for identification purposes point..
only.
• An ordinal scale is used for data • A ratio scale is similar to an

Ordinal Ratio
that can be ordered or ranked, interval scale, but it also has
such as levels of education or a true zero point. Examples of
customer satisfaction ratings. data that can be measured on

Scale Scale
The data is assigned numerical a ratio scale include weight,
values based on the relative height, and income.
ranking of the items, but the
differences between the values
may not be equal.
Scales of Measurement
Examples of:
Nominal Scale- Gender (male/female)Eye color (blue, brown, green)Marital status
(single, married, divorced)
Ordinal Scale- Level of education (elementary, high school, college, graduate)Customer
satisfaction rating (poor, fair, good, excellent)Rank in a race (first, second, third, etc.)
Interval Scale- Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, time (in seconds, minutes, hours,
etc.) Year (measured from an arbitrary point, such as the birth of Christ or the start of a
calendar era)
Ratio Scale- Height in centimeters or feet and inches, weight in kilograms or pounds,
income in dollars
Types of
Graphical
Representatio
n of Data
Representation of
Ungrouped Data:

Bar Graphs and Pie Charts

Anoushka Banerji
 Types of Graphical
Representation
Title Description
Bar Graphs  In this form of graphical representation, data is represented in forms of
bars of equal width with their height proportional to the frequency of the
category.
 They represent nominal and ordinal data.
 They are represented by separate bars with gaps between them that
emphasises plotting of frequencies for distinct categories
 They can be horizontal or vertical

Pie Chart  In this form of graphical representation, there is a percentage breakdown

of data by category
 Data is represented by segments of a circle or pie chart that represent a
specific portion of the total percentage
 Total value of a pie is always equal to 100%
 Used for nominal and ordinal data
 The data is of continuous nature
Bar Graphs
Pie Charts
Types of Graphical
Representations
BAR GRAPHS PIE CHARTS

Advantages: Advantages:
They represent trends in a way that Can be created proportionally to the
is easy to understand. quality it needs to represent.
Summarises large data in compact Displace multiple classes of data I
visual forms. one chart.
Easy to compare data sets. Visually more appealing.
Types of Graphical
Representations
BAR GRAPH PIE CHART

Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
Do not show interrelationships.
oDoesn’t reveal exact values.
Limited to categorical data: Bar graphs are
only useful for displaying categorical data. oDoes not show changes in data
They are not suitable for displaying overtime.
continuous data.
oToo many data categorisations make
Requires additional information/ explanations
at times. it difficult to understand.
Multiple bars can over-complicate things.
Types of
Graphical
Representatio
n of Data
Representation of Grouped
Data:

Histograms and Frequency

Polygons

Niharika Aswani
 Types of Graphical
Representations
Title Description
Histogram  A histogram is a graph used to represent the frequency distribution of a few data
points of one variable. Histograms often classify data into various “bins” or “range
groups” and count how many data points belong to each of those bins.
 The histogram is a popular graphing tool. It is used to summarize discrete or
continuous data that are measured on an interval scale. It is often used to illustrate
the major features of the distribution of the data in a convenient form.
Frequency Polygon  A frequency polygon is a type of graph that shows the frequency of data points in
different classes or intervals. It is made up of straight lines that connect the
midpoints of the upper edges of the rectangles in a histogram. It helps in
interpreting the trend and shape of the data set.
 Frequency polygons are very similar to histograms and help when comparing two or
more data. The graph helps to show cumulative frequency distribution data by
means of a line graph.
 Frequency polygons are expressed in the form of graphs which interprets information
used in statistics.
Histogram
Frequency
Polygon
Types of Graphical
Representations
FREQUENCY POLYGON HISTOGRAM
It requires high bandwidth. Bin size: A histogram with too few bins may
It is also difficult to compare different not reveal important details about the
data sets if the researcher does not distribution, while a histogram with too
have expertise. many bins can produce spurious patterns or
noise.
All the data is in a clustered form and
it is very difficult for the people to see Sensitivity to outliers: Outliers, or extreme
to it that they are going to segregate
the data values in the dataset, can distort the
appearance of a histogram.

Interpretation: Histograms can be

influenced by factors such as sample size,
selection bias, and data preprocessing, so it
is important to interpret them with caution.