MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF STRESS

Prepared by : Dr. Mahmoud Rababah 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
 Objective of the mechanics of materials is
to analyse and design a given structure
involving determination of stress and
deformation.

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Can the system withstand the
load or will break down?

The failure will start in

 Members? or
 Screws? or
 Bolts?

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F x 0
F y 0
Then, we obtain
FAB 40 kN
FBC 50 kN

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 1.3 STRESS IN THE MEMBERS OF A STRUCTURE
 can the system withstand the
force?
 Will the system break down?
 Its ability to withstand the
depends on
1- its material (Steel is stronger
than Aluminum) A
2- the cross-section of the rod

Stress is the intensity of the force

distributed over a given area

stress (N/m 2 Pa) force (N)

P

A cross-section area
5
( m2)
STRESS UNITS

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1.4 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Assume rod BC is made of
steel with maximum allowable
stress  all 165 MPa

FBC 50kN

FBC 50 kN
  3 2
159 MPa
 r  (10 10 )
2

   all

*Thus, rod BC can

withstand the load
without breaking down

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 Same concept of stress is used in design.

Example:
What will be the suitable diameter for rod BC without exceeding 100
MPa stress.

Solution :
FBC 50 kN
 2 100 MPa
r r 2

r 12.62 mm
use (r 13 mm)

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 1.5 AXIAL LOADING, NORMAL STRESS

P
The stress   is the average stress on the cross  section, the stress
A
at point Q is

F
 lim
A 0 A

P dF  dA
A

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 The stress is considered uniformly distributed if:
I. The line of action of the concentrated load passes through
the centroid of the cross-section.

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II. The cross-section is far from the
edges where the load is applied.

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 1.6 SHEARING STRESS
 Transverse load is acting
perpendicular to the rod (not in
the normal direction).

 The load cause shear stress.

P F
 ave  
A A

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 V F/2
 ave  
A A

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 MORE EXAMPLES ON SHEAR

P F/4
 ave  
A A

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Example: given width w = 150 mm. Find the average shear stress
along sections a-a and b-b.

Solution:

Va  a 3 103
 a a   200 kPa
Aa  a 0.10.15
Vb  b 3 103
 b b   160 kPa
Ab  b 0.125 0.15

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Example : Find d and t in order to
support the 20kN, given
 all 60 MPa
 all 35 MPa
Solution :
P
A
 all
 2 20 103
d 
4 60 106
Then, we get
d 20.6 mm
V
A
 all
20 103
2 0.02 t 
35 106
 t 4.55 mm 16
Example :
d 6 mm
P 9 kN
Find
 ave in pins
 ave in the shadow planes (tear out)

Solution :
9 103 / 4
 ave ( pins )  79.6 MPa

(6 10 3 ) 2
4
9 103 / 4
 ave ( planes )  225 kPa
0.10.1

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SEC 1.7 BEARING STRESS IN CONNECTIONS

P
b 
td

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1.8 APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF SIMPLE STRUCTURES

CATIA

ABC_B  ABC_C (20 mm)(40 mm  25 mm)

300 10 6 m 2
FBC 50 103
 BC  B   6
167 MPa
ABC  B 300 10
 BC  C  BC  B 167 MPa
FBC 50 kN
 BC  mid   159 MPa
r 2
r 2

  BC 167 MPa
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 FAB  40 103 Note that there is no stress
 AB   6
 26.7 MPa on the joints A and B as the
AAB 30 50 10
rod is under compression.

Shearing stress (Pin A)

A  r 2  (12.5 10 3 ) 2 49110  6 m 2

FAB
P 20 kN
2
P
 A  40.7 MPa
A

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Shearing stress (Pin C)

A  r 2  (12.5 10 3 ) 2 49110  6 m 2

P FBC 50 kN
P
 C  102 MPa
A

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Shearing stress (Pin B)
PG 25 103
B  2  6
50.9 MPa
r 49110

Bearing stress at point A

1- on the rod 2  on the brackets
P 40 103 P 40 103
b   6
53.3 MPa b   32.0 MPa
td 30 25 10 td 2 25 25 10 6

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Example : EDC is rigid 
Given :
t AB 9 mm t BC 6 mm each
d A 9 mm dC 6 mm
Find :
1  shearing stress at pin A.
2  shearing stress at pin C.
3  the normal stress at link ABC.
4  shearing stress at B.
5  bearing stress in the link at C.

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Solution :
M D 0  FAC 3.6 kN

FAC 3.6 103

A   56.6 MPa
A pinA  (9 10 3 ) 2
4

FAC 1.8 103

C   63.7 MPa
A pinC 
(6 10 3 ) 2
4
Largest normal stress is at point A
FAC 3.6 103
A   6
19.05 MPa
A linkA 9 (30  9) 10
Average shearing stress at B is:
FAC / 2 1.8 103
Bearing stress at C :
B   1.5 MPa
A linkB 30 40 10 6 FAC / 2 3.6 103
b   6
50 MPa
A linkA 2 6 6 10
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1.11. STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE UNDER
AXIAL LOADING
F V
 
A A
A0
A 
cos 
P cos  P sin 
 
A0 / cos  A0 / cos 
P P
 cos 2   sin  cos 
A0 A0

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1.12. STRESS UNDER GENERAL LOADING
CONDITIONS; COMPONENTS OF STRESS

F x
 x  lim
A 0 A

Vyx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A 0 A A 0 A

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M z 0; ( xy A)a  ( yx A)a 0
 xy  yx
also
 xz  zx  yz  zy
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 1.13 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

1- Determination of the ultimate strength of a material.

PU
U 
A

2- Allowable stress; factor of safety

Ultimate stress
Factor of safety = F.S =
Allowable stress

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TIPS (SUPPORT REACTIONS)

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Example : Determine the required diameter of
the bolts if the failure shear stress is  Fail 350 MPa.
use a factor of safety F.S  2.5.

Solution :
V 20 103  2
A   d
 all 6
350 10 / 2.5 4
then, we get
d  13.5 mm

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Example : Given
( AB )all 175 MPa
( BC )all 150 MPa
Find d AB and d BC
Solution :
FAB 70 kN, and FBC 30 kN dAB

FAB
( AB )all 
 2
d AB
4
FBC
( BC )all 
 2
dBC
d BC
4
d AB  22.6 mm
d BC  16 mm.
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