Control Structure:

Loop
(Part 1)

Knowledge:
Understand the various concepts of loop control structure

Skill:
Be able to develop a program involving loop control structure

DEC20012 – Programming Fundamental

1
 Loop Structure

Condition is tested first Condition is tested later

Testing Condition
First

Step a

false
condition

true
Step x

Step y

Step n
Testing Condition
First

Step a

condition

Step x

Step y

Step n
Testing condition
later

Step a

Step x

Step y

true
condition
false

Step n
Testing condition
later

Step a

Step x

Step y

true
condition
false

Step n
 How Loops are Controlled

Condition Sentinel
Controlled Controlled
Counter Controlled
•1, 2, 3, 4, …
•…, 4, 3, 2, 1
Counter Controlled Loop

counter ← initialValue

false
test counter
value
true
Step x

Update counter

Step n
Counter Controlled Loop

counter
counter ←
= initialValue
initialValue

false
test counter
value
true
Step x

Update counter

Step n
 Example:
Draw a flowchart for the Can you
following problem: identify the
Read 5 integer and display the input and
value of their summation. output???

Input : 5 integer
n1, n2, n3, n4, n5
Output: The summation of
n1, n2, .., n5

Input example: 2 3 4 5 6

Output example: 20
Assume input example: start
2 3 4 5 6
n1 2
Input n1

Input n2 n2 3
This flowchart does
not use loop, hence
we need to use 6 Input n3 n3 4
different variables
input n4 n4 5

input n5
n5 6

sum ← n1+n2+n3+n4+n5
sum 20

output sum

end
Counter-
Assume input
Controlled
example:
counter ← 1, sum ← 0 counter 1
2
3
4
5
6
2 3 4 5 6
Loop sum 14
20
0
2
5
9
false
counter < 6
n 2
3
4
5
6
true
input n
Uses only
3 variables
sum ← sum + n
This loop is
counter-controlled
counter++
The counter
output sum
Increases by 1
Decreasing Counter-Controlled Loop

counter ← 5, sum ← 0

false
counter > 0
true
input x

sum←sum+ x

counter--

output sum
Example: Draw a flowchart for this problem;
Given an exam marks as input, display the
appropriate message based on the rules below:

 If marks is greater than 49, display “PASS”,

otherwise display “FAIL”
 However, for input outside the 0-100 range,
display “WRONG INPUT” and prompt the user
to input again until a valid input is entered
Condition-Controlled Loop Assume
m=110
m=57
m=5

m 110
57
5
input m

“WRONG INPUT”
true
110
5
57<<0<0||0||5||57
>100
110
>100
>100 m<0 || m>100
false

>Condition-controlled
557 49
true
> 49 m>49
loop with its condition “PASS”
being tested at the end false
“FAIL”

WRONG INPUT
FAIL
PASS
 input m
false
m<0 || m>100
true
“WRONG INPUT”

input m

Condition-controlled true
loop with its m>49 “PASS”
condition being false
tested first “FAIL”