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33 views31 pages

Topic 5

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hazlindaidris
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DEE1012-MEASUREMENT

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

 Apply the concept of measurement principles and


measuring equipment in electrical and electronic
measurement. (C3, PLO1)

 Solve problems of electrical and electronic circuit


using appropriate measuring operations and
theorems. (C3, PLO2)
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the unit you should be able to:

 Know basic principles of power meter.

 Understand the principles of analogue wattmeter.

 Understand the principles of KWH meter.

 Know basic principles of clamp meters

 Apply clamp meters in measuring alternating


current.Explain basic principle of analogue KWH
meter
5.0 POWER METER
(02:02)
INTRODUCTION POWER METERS

• Power in an electric circuit is the product


(multiplication) of voltage and current, so any meter
designed to measure power must account for both of
these variables.
• Power is measured in watts (or kilowatts).
• Power meter is a meter to measure the amount of
electric power used.
• There are many kind of Power Meters such as
Wattmeter, KWH meter, Clamp meter etc (see figure
5.0).
Figure 5.0 : Type of Power Meter (A,B,C-KWH meter,
D- Wattmeter, E- Clamp meter).
Three equations for power in circuits that are
collectively known as Watt’s law are:
2
V
P IV , P I R , P 
2

R
Example 1:
What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A
of current from a 120 V supply?

Solution:
The most direct solution is to substitute into

P IV
12 A 120 V 
1440 W
Example 2:
What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor is the
current is 0.135 A?

Solution:
Given that you know the resistance and current,
substitute the values into P =I 2R.
2
P I R
(0.135 A) 27  
2

0.49 W
ANALOGUE WATTMETER
THE SYMBOL OF ANALOGUE WATTMETER

W
THE PRINCIPLES OF ANALOGUE WATTMETER.
• The traditional analog wattmeter is an
electrodynamics instrument.
• The device consists of:
• a pair of fixed coils, (known as current
coils)
• a movable coil
(known as the potential / voltage coil)
• The current coils connected in series
with the circuit, while the potential
coil is connected in parallel.
• The potential coil carries a needle that
moves over a scale to indicate the Figure 5.2: A simplified
measurement.
electrodynamic wattmeter
• The potential coil has a general rule, a
high-value resistor connected in series circuit.
with it to reduce the current flow
through it.
• The result of this arrangement is that on a dc circuit, the
deflection of the needle is proportional to both the
current and the voltage thus confirming to the equation
P =VI.
VOLTAGE COIL AND CURRENT COIL OF
WATTMETER
The two main mechanism of wattmeter are :

i. Voltage coil
Many turns of fine wire encased in
plastic connected in parallel with load.

ii. Current coil


Three turns of thick wire, connected in
series with load.
THE WATTMETER CONNECTION FOR POWER
MEASUREMENT

Figure 5.3 : The connection a wattmeter in a single phase


circuit.
KILOWATT HOUR METER
THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ANALOGUE
KWH METER
• The Kilowatt-hour meter is an instrument for measuring
the amount of electrical energy consumed by a
residence, business, or an electrically powered device.

• Energy = Power x time ( joules )

• Kilowatt hour is most commonly known as a billing unit


for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilitie.

• In principle, the watt-hour meter is a small motor whose


instantaneous speed is proportional to the power
passing through it.
• The total revolutions in a given time are
proportional to the total energy or watt-hour,
consumed during that time.
• The current coil is connected in series with the
line and the voltage coil is connected across
the line.
• Both coil are wound on a metal frame of
special design, providing two magnetic
circuits.
• A light aluminium disk is suspended in the air
gap of current coil field, which cause eddy
currents flow in the disc.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF KWH METER

A single phase induction type energy meter


consists of driving system, moving system,
braking system and registering system.
CONSTRUCTION OF KWH METER

Figure 5.4 : Construction of Kilowatt-hour meter


(A) DRIVING SYSTEM
• Driving system of the energy meter consists of two
silicon steel laminated electromagnets.
• Referring figure 5.4,the electromagnet M1 is called the
series magnet or current coil (CC) and the
electromagnet M2 is called the shunt magnet or voltage
coil (VC) .
• The current coil carries a coil consisting of a few turns of
thick wire and it is connected in series with the circuit.
The load current flows through this coil.
• The voltage coil carries a coil consisting many turns of
thin wire and it is connected across the supply.
(B) MOVING SYSTEM

• The moving system consists of a thin aluminum disc


mounted on a spindle and is placed in the air gap
between the series and the shunt magnets.

• It cuts the flux of both the magnet forces are


produced by the fluxes of M1 & M2 .

• Both these forces act on the disc. These two forces


constitute a deflecting torque.
(C) BRAKING SYSTEM
• The braking system consists of a permanent
magnet called brake magnet.

• Provides necessary braking torque which opposes


the motion of disc.
(D) REGISTERING SYSTEM
• The disc spindle is connected to a counting
mechanism this mechanism records a number
which is proportional to the number of revolutions
of the disc.

• The counter is calibrated to indicate


the energy consumed directly in kilo watts-hour
(KWH)
THE CONSTRUCT KWH CONNECTION FOR
ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT

Main (input): Load:


Voltage source Lamp,Fan
TUTORIAL
1. A meter which is used to measure the amount of
electric power is known as __________.
A. Ammeter C. Ohmmeter
B. Power meter D. Voltmeter

2. A _____________ is a type of meter which


measures electrical current without need to
disconnect the wiring through which the current
is flowing.

A. Ammeter C. Clamp meter


B. Power meter D. Watt meter
3. Wattmeter is built based on …………

i. Copper loop
ii. Current loop
iii. Voltage loop.
iv. Power loop

A. i, ii
B. ii, iii
C. iii, iv
D. iv, i
4. a. Draw the connection of Wattmeter for power
measurement.

b. Name THREE (3) mechanisms of


electromechanical induction meter in watt-
hour meter ?

5. Calculate the Power Consumption in the system


with the voltage is 35.5V and the current is 1.25A.

6. With the aid of a diagram, describe the basic


construction and operating principle of Permanent
Magnet Moving Coil. (PMMC)
TUTORIAL ANSWER
1) B
2) C
3) B
4a)

4b) Driving system, Moving system, Braking system,

Registering system.
6.
The traditional analog wattmeter is an
electrodynamics instrument.
The device consists of:
• a pair of fixed coils, (known as
current coils)
• a movable coil
(known as the potential / voltage coil)
• The current coils connected in
series with the circuit, while the
potential coil is connected in
parallel.
• The potential coil carries a needle
that moves over a scale to indicate
the measurement.
REFERENCES
• Kalsi, H.S. (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Bakshi U.A, Bakshi A.V. (2009). Electronic
Instrumentation, Technical Publications,
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Measurements &
Instrumentation, IBS
• Helfrick & Cooper (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning

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