Technical Supoort Lesson 5

Lesson 5
Identifying purposes and

characteristics of processor
central processing unit
* The cpu performs the system’s
calculating and processing .
* the terms chip,chip carrier, also know
as a chip container
*processor chip consisting of an array of
millions of transistors.
Intel and advance micro
devices(ADM)are two largest pc-
compatible cpu manufacturers
Determine which CPU your
computer is using
*open the case and view the
numbers stamped on the CPU.
*sticker on the case indicating the
processor type then go to
manufacturer’s website.
*system properties page.
*system information utility
msinfo32
Processor can be identified by 3
main parameters:
1- speed of processor.
2- front side bus(FBS)
-speed
-data path width
3- cash memory
1- Speed of processor
• Speed is counted in
megahertz(MHZ) and
gigahertz(GHZ),which means
millions and
billions,respectively,of cycles per
second and faster is better.
•* A single cycle is the smallest
element of time for the processor.
•Every action requires at least one
cycle .
• *In processor 8088,8086 it take an
average of 12cycles to execute a
single instruction.
• *Pentium pro,pentium2,3,4
processors can execute as many
as3 or more instructions per cycle.
2- Front side bus(FSB)
*Is also called processor data bus(PDB),processor
side bus(PSB) or just CPU bus.
* All thes terms refer to the bus that is between
the CPU and the main chipset component(North
bridge or memory controller hub)
Front side bus (FSB)
“SPEED”
This defines the rate at which data can be moved

into or out of the processor.
Front side bus(FSB)
“DATA PATH WIDTH”
*The bundle of wires(or pins) used to send and receive
data
*The move signal that can be sent at the same time,
the more data can be transmitted in a specified
interval .
Cashe memory
*is a very fast chip memory that is used to hold data
and instructions that are most likely to be requested
next by the CPU.
*an area of high –speed memory linked directly to
the Cpu.
*the CPU can access information in the processor
cashe much more quickly than information stored in
main memory.
Frequently used data is stored here.
Identifying Purposes and
Characteristics
of Memory
Introduction
• Memory often is called RAM, for random access memory.
Main memory is called RAM because you can randomly (as
opposed to sequentially) access any location directly in
memory.
• RAM is the place in a computer where the operating system,
application programs, and data in current use are kept so
that they can be quickly reached by the computer's
processor.
• RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other
kinds of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk,
and CD-ROM. However, the data in RAM stays there only as
long as your computer is running.
• When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When
you turn your computer on again, your operating system
and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from
your hard disk.
• memory upgrades tend to afford the greatest performance
increase
• Microsoft always says “Add More Ram”
• Motherboards have memory limits
Operating systems have memory limits
CPUs have memory limits.
• most motherboard manufacturers document the quantity and
types of modules that their equipment supports.
• Don’t be surprised when you attempt to install a single module
of the highest available capacity in your motherboard, and the
system doesn’t recognize the module,
Location of memory within a system
Memory Controller vs. Bus Cycle
• Memory Controller is placed between RAM
and CPU which
– handles the movement of data to and from
the CPU and the system memory banks.
– responsible for the integrity of the data as it
is swapped in and out
• This circuit is physically inside the chipset
(north bridge)
• Bus cycle :are Each transaction between the
CPU and memory
The wires from the data bus will carry data that is being read (i.e. transferred from
the memory to the memory controller and then to the CPU) or written (i.e.
transferred from the memory controller to the memory, coming from the CPU).
The wires from the address bus tells the memory modules where exactly (i.e.
which address) that data must be retrieved from or stored.
And the control wires send commands to the memory modules, telling them what
kind of operation is being done – for example, if it is a write (store) or a read
operation.
Single Channel vs.. Dual Channel
Single Channel vs.. Dual Channel
1-Dynamic RAM(DRAM)
• Dynamic RAM gets its name from the fact that
the information stored in DRAM needs to be
constantly refreshed.
• Refreshing involves reading the bits of data
stored in DRAM and then rewriting the same
information back.
2-Static RAM (SRAM)
• Static RAM (SRAM) • Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
• The chips are more complex • Slower but Cheap enough to
Faster but more costly than make it possible to use it in
DRAM “30X in price and size” large quantities in PC systems.
• Used for cache memory in • DRAM use capacitors to store
systems “L1,L2,L3” 1s and 0s must be continually
• SRAM does not use capacitors refreshed to make sure the
to store 1s and 0s. data is held.
• Instead, SRAM uses a special
circuit called a flip-flop it does
not. be refreshed because it
uses the flip-flop circuit to
store each bit.
3-Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• is a type of memory that you cannot write to.
• Information is written to ROM chips by the manufacturer, and this
information cannot be changed.
• One of the major uses for ROM is storing the system BIOS (Basic Input-
Output System), which contains Power-On Self-Test (POST) routines
MEMORY BANKS AND BANK
SCHEMAS
memory bank is the number of memory slots needed to fill
the data path of the processor.

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Lesson 5

Identifying purposes and

This defines the rate at which data can be moved

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