Generative AI

Natural Language Processing with

Attention Models
 Overview
• Introduction to Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Fundamental concepts and definitions
• Advanced topics including LSTM, RNN, and Transformers
• Practical applications and code demonstrations
 Objectives
• Understand basic and advanced NLP concepts
• Implement various vectorization techniques
• Explore LSTM and RNN architectures
• Dive deep into Transformers and Attention Models
• Apply theoretical knowledge through practical coding examples
 Student Goals
• Gain a strong foundation in NLP
• Develop skills to preprocess and analyze text data
• Implement and experiment with different NLP models
• Understand and apply attention mechanisms in NLP
• Build and evaluate complex NLP models like Transformers
 Basic Definitions for NLP
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Field of AI focused
on the interaction between computers and human language.
• Vector: A numerical representation of text for machine
learning models.
 What is a Vector?
• Definition: An ordered list of numbers representing data.
• Use in NLP: Vectors represent words, sentences, or
documents
 Bag of Words
• Concept: Represents text by the frequency of words.
• Limitations: Ignores grammar and word order.
 Count Vectorizer
• Definition: Converts text documents to a matrix of token
counts.
• Usage: Common preprocessing step in NLP.
 Tokenization
• Definition: Process of splitting text into tokens (words or
phrases).
• Types: Word tokenization, sentence tokenization.
Tokenization
 One-Hot Encoding
One-hot encoding is a technique used to convert categorical
variables into a numerical format suitable for machine learning
algorithms. Each category is represented as a binary vector
where only one bit is 'hot' (1), while all others are 'cold' (0). This
method is essential for handling categorical data in tasks such
as sentiment analysis, where words or phrases need to be
transformed into a format understandable by machine learning
models.
 Named Entity Recognition (NER)
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a
subtask of information extraction that
identifies and classifies named entities
(e.g., persons, organizations, locations)
within unstructured text. NER systems
typically use machine learning models,
such as conditional random fields
(CRFs) or deep learning-based
approaches like Bidirectional LSTMs, to
achieve accurate entity recognition.
Applications of NER include document
summarization, question answering
systems, and content categorization.
 Stop Words
• Definition: Common words (e.g., "the", "and") removed from
text analysis.
• Purpose: Reduces dimensionality and noise in text data.
 Comprehension Check
• Question:
What is the purpose of removing stop words in NLP?
• Options:
1. To increase the number of features
2. To reduce noise and improve model performance
3. To change the meaning of the text
 Stemming and Lemmatization

• Stemming: Reduces words to their root form.

• Lemmatization: Reduces words to their base form (lemma).
Stemming and Lemmatization
Stemming and Lemmatization Demo
Count Vectorizer (Code)
 Advanced Vectorization Techniques:
Vector Similarity
• Definition: Measures how similar two vectors are.
• Methods: Cosine similarity, Euclidean distance.
 Vector Similarity
Vector similarity measures the degree of
similarity between two vectors in a multi-
dimensional space. Common similarity
metrics include cosine similarity, which
computes the cosine of the angle
between two vectors, and Euclidean
distance, which calculates the straight-
line distance between points in space. In
natural language processing (NLP),
vector similarity is used for tasks such as
semantic similarity analysis, document
clustering, and recommendation
systems.
 TF-IDF
• Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF):
Measures importance of words in a document relative to a
corpus.
• Formula:

• IDF Calculation:
 Word-to-Index Mapping

• Definition: Assigns a unique index to each word in the

vocabulary.
• Purpose: Facilitates text representation as numerical data.
Word-to-Index Mapping
 How to Build TF-IDF From Scratch
• Steps:
1. Calculate term frequency (TF).
2. Calculate inverse document frequency (IDF).
3. Multiply TF by IDF.
How to Build TF-IDF From Scratch
 Comprehension Check
• Question:
What does TF-IDF measure in a document?
• Options:
1. The frequency of words
2. The importance of words
3. The length of the document
 LSTM and RNN
• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN): Type of neural network
suited for sequential data.
• Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM): Special kind of RNN
that can learn long-term dependencies.
RNN
 Recurrent Neural Networks

• Definition: Neural networks designed to handle sequential

data by maintaining a hidden state.
• Applications: Language modeling, time series prediction.
LSTM
 The Vanishing Gradient Problem
• Definition: Gradients of loss function diminish exponentially
through layers, hindering learning.
• Solution: LSTMs and other architectures to preserve
gradient flow.
 LSTM Variations
• Types:
• Standard LSTM
• Bi-directional LSTM
• Stacked LSTM
 Practical Intuition for LSTMs
• Forget Gate: Decides what information to discard.
• Input Gate: Updates cell state.
• Output Gate: Determines output based on cell state.
 NLP Models Meta-Architectures
NLP models meta-architectures encompass various design patterns and
structures used in the development of advanced NLP systems. Examples include
transformer-based models like BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations
from Transformers) and sequence-to-sequence models such as those used in
machine translation. These architectures have revolutionized NLP by enabling
tasks such as sentiment analysis, language modeling, and text generation.
 Transformers
• Definition: Advanced architecture designed to handle
sequential data with self-attention mechanisms.
• Applications: Widely used in NLP tasks such as translation,
summarization, and question answering.
Transformers
 Self-Attention

Definition: Mechanism to relate different positions of a single

sequence to compute representation.
 Multi-head Attention
• Definition: Uses multiple attention heads to focus on
different parts of the sequence.
• Benefit: Captures various aspects of the data
simultaneously.
 Transformer Heads
• Role: Each head performs a separate self-
attention operation.
• Combining: Concatenate outputs from all
heads and project.
 Alignment With Dot-Product
• Definition: Computes similarity between query and key
vectors.
 Bidirectional Attention
• Definition: Attends to both past and future context in a
sequence.
• Use Case: Improves model understanding in NLP tasks.
 Dot-Product Attention

• Definition: Uses dot products between queries and keys for

attention scores.
• Efficiency: Scales well with larger sequences.
 Autoencoders in NLP
Autoencoders are unsupervised learning
models that aim to learn efficient
representations of input data by minimizing
reconstruction error. In NLP, autoencoders
can be used for tasks such as feature
extraction, dimensionality reduction, and
anomaly detection in text data. Variants like
variational autoencoders (VAEs) introduce
probabilistic elements to generate more
diverse outputs and are valuable in
generating textual data.
 Comprehension Check
• Question:
What is the main advantage of multi-head attention in transformers?
• Options:
1. Reduces computational cost
2. Allows focusing on different parts of the sequence simultaneously
3. Simplifies the model architecture
 Word Vectors
• Definition: Dense vector representation of words capturing
their meaning.
• Example: Word2Vec, GloVe.
 Long Short-Term Memory
• Function: Captures long-term dependencies by maintaining
cell states.
• Components: Forget gate, input gate, output gate.
 Self-Attention
• Function: Relates different positions of the input sequence
to compute representations.
• Benefit: Allows models to focus on relevant parts of the
sequence.
 Multi-head and Scaled Dot-Product
Attention
• Multi-head Attention: Applies several self-attention
operations in parallel.
• Scaled Dot-Product: Normalizes dot-product attention by
scaling.
 Practical Intuition
• Understanding: Grasp core principles and their
applications.
• Experimentation: Apply knowledge in real-world scenarios.
 Project
• Objective: Develop an NLP model using LSTM and
Transformer architectures.
• Scope: Preprocess data, build models, apply attention
mechanisms, evaluate performance.
• Dataset: Use a dataset such as IMDB reviews or a custom
text corpus.
• Preprocessing: Tokenization, stop words removal,
stemming/lemmatization.
 Model Building
• LSTM Model: Implement a basic LSTM for text
classification.
• Transformer Model: Implement a Transformer for improved
performance.
 Attention Mechanism Implementation

• Self-Attention: Add self-attention layers to the models.

• Multi-Head Attention: Implement multi-head attention for
better context understanding.
 Model Training and Evaluation

• Training: Use training data to fit the models.

• Evaluation: Measure performance using accuracy,
precision, recall.
Project Code Example
 Model Improvement Techniques

• Techniques: Hyperparameter
tuning, cross-validation, data
augmentation.
 Real-World Deployment
• Steps: Model export, serving, API integration.
• Tools: TensorFlow Serving, Flask/Django for API.
 Module Project
Building an NLP Model with Attention
Mechanisms
• Objective:
Develop an NLP model using LSTM and Transformer
architectures to perform text classification on a given dataset.
The project will involve data preprocessing, model building,
training, evaluation, and applying attention mechanisms to
improve performance.
 Project Outline
1. Project Introduction
• Objective: Develop an NLP model for text classification.
• Scope: Preprocess data, build LSTM and Transformer models, apply attention
mechanisms, and evaluate performance.
2. Dataset
• Dataset: IMDB reviews dataset or a custom text corpus.
• Preprocessing: Tokenization, stop words removal, stemming/lemmatization.
3. Data Preprocessing
• Tokenization: Split text into tokens.
• Stop Words Removal: Remove common words that don't contribute much to the meaning.
• Stemming and Lemmatization: Reduce words to their base forms.
 Project Outline
4. Model Building
• LSTM Model: Implement a basic LSTM for text classification.
• Transformer Model: Implement a Transformer for improved performance.
• Attention Mechanism: Add self-attention and multi-head attention layers.
5. Training and Evaluation
• Training: Use training data to fit the models.
• Evaluation: Measure performance using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1
score.
• Improvement Techniques: Apply techniques like data augmentation,
batch normalization, and hyperparameter tuning.
 Project Report
• Introduction: Brief overview of the project and its objectives.
• Dataset Description: Detailed description of the dataset used.
• Data Preprocessing: Steps taken to preprocess the data.
• Model Architecture: Description of the LSTM and Transformer
models used.
• Training and Evaluation: Summary of the training process and
evaluation results.
• Improvements: Discussion on the techniques used to improve model
performance.
• Conclusion: Summary of findings and potential future work.
 Submission Requirements
• Code: Submit all code files (Jupyter notebooks, scripts).
• Report: Submit a detailed project report (PDF).
• Presentation: Prepare a slide deck for the presentation.