Institute of Mathematical

Applications and Computing

Sciences
BRGY. BUROL MAIN, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS,
CAVITE, PHILIPPINES 4114
MODULE 2
COMPUTER AND THE
IMPACT TO SOCIETY
Learning Outcomes

 Familiarize on the generation of computers during the different

periods.
 Differentiate the technologies and inventions on different
computing era.
 Identify the technologies and how computers are used in different
fields of specialization.

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LESSON 1
DEFINITION AND USES OF
COMPUTER
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
▸ Computer is an electronic device that processes data,
converting it into information that is useful to people.
Any computer—regardless of its type—is controlled by
programmed instructions, which give the machine a
purpose and tell it what to do.
▸ Two kinds of Computer:
▹ Analog computers represent data as variable points along a
continuous spectrum of values.
▹ Digital computers break all types of information into tiny units, and
use numbers to represent those pieces of information.

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3 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPUTERS
▸ 1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well defined manner.
▸ 2. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions.
▸ 3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

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ACTIVITY TIME!
Class will be grouped into 5 break out sessions to discuss Impacts of IT in the Society in a particular
area of specialization. You are given 15 mins to discuss and we will regroup in the main class after. Be
ready to share your ideas to the class.

Group 1 – Engineering, Arts and Education

Group 2 – Healthcare, Banks, Manufacturing
Group 3 – Law Enforcement, Traffic and Defense
Group 4 – Entertainment, Communications and Retail

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APPLICATIONS OF ICT (COMPUTER) IN
OUR DAILY LIVES

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APPLICATIONS OF ICT (COMPUTER) IN
OUR DAILY LIVES

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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
▸ Earliest Computers original calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
▸ These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of
a mathematical expression.
▸ The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
▸ The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring
to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the
word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th
century.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
TALLY STICKS
▸ A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ABACUS
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
▸ The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
▸ The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first
used in China in around 500 B.C.
▸ It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
NAPIER’S BONE
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed boards.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.

STEPPED RECKONER
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
JACQUARD LOOM
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

ARITHMOMETER
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in
1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic
functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.

FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he
use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION
ENGINE
▸ Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
▸ Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
▸ The first printing calculator.

TABULATING MACHINE
▸ Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
▸ To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
HARVARD MARK I
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch
tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also
generated through punch tape.

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ATANASOFF-BERRY
COMPUTER (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at Iowa
• State University between 1939 and 1942.

ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
UNIVAC I
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the
first commercial computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as
data

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 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER
• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY

• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls
Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.

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BASIC COMPUTING PERIOD - AGES
• Premechanical
• Mechanical
• Electromechanical
• Electronic

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PRE-MECHANICAL
BETWEEN 3000B.C and 1450 A.D
This is the earliest age of information technology.
▹ Petroglyphs - simple picture drawings which were usually carved in rock.
Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
▹ Then, pens and paper were developed. It started off as just marks in wet
clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular
kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from
rags.
▹ Use of Egyptian scrolls – first books and libraries
▹ Also, during this period were the first numbering systems
▹ A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The Petroglyph
popular model of that time was the abacus.

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MECHANICAL
BETWEEN 1450 and 1840
The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our
current technology and its ancestors.

▹ Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying
and dividing) were invented.
▹ Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical
computer.
▹ Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the method of finite differences
Difference Engine

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ELECTROMECHANICAL
BETWEEN 1840 and 1940
These are the beginnings of telecommunication and it resemble our modern-
day technology.
▹ The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
▹ Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835.
▹ The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever)
was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
▹ The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894.
▹ The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was
the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was
8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons. It was programmed using Harvard Mark 1
punch cards.

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ELECTRONIC
BETWEEN 1940 and present
The electronic age is what we currently live in.
▹ The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being
reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This was
designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This
machine was even bigger than the
▹ Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons. It mainly used
vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
▹ This marked the start of the digital computing.

Apple 2

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GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER
 FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER (1946-1958)
Vacuum Tubes
- Used for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
- very expensive to operate used a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat
- First generation computers relied on machine language, the
lowest-level programming language understood by computers,
to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at
a time.
- Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.
Examples: ENIAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

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 SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1964)
Transistors
- One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
- Smaller but still used a great deal of electricity, generated a lot
of heat
- Moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
- Still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
- These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic
drum to magnetic core technology.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

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 THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1965-1970)
Integrated Circuits
▹ Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
▹ It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Much
smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation
computers.

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FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1971-TODAY)
▸ Microprocessors

• Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

• Small computers became more powerful that they could be linked
together to form networks, which eventually led to the development
of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices.

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 FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER (today to the future)
Artificial Intelligence
▹ The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
▹ The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
▹ There are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.

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Book References
▸ Parsons (2018). Computer Concepts 2018.
Cengage Learning

▸ P. Norton (2008). Introduction to Computers.

McGraw-Hill Companies

▸ W.Samuel, S.G. Ajumo, E.C. Anderson and S.

Worgu (2016). ICT as A Change Agent for
Socialization and Social Engineering.

▸ A.Luna, C. Marbella, J. Mayor S. Hogar-Reyes

and J. Kyra (2020). Living in the IT Era
Instructional Material for Students. Polytechnic
University of the Philippines College of
Computer and Information Sciences.

▸ T.Revano F. (2019). Living in the Information

Technology Era. Mindshapers Publishing

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THANKS!
Any questions?

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