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Unit 1

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34 views15 pages

Unit 1

Uploaded by

nidaaa.0209
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of Computers :

Introduction
What is Computer?

• The computer is a super-intelligent electronic device that can


perform tasks, process information, and store data.

• A Computer is a machine that can solve difficult and different


problems, process data, store & retrieve data and perform
calculations faster and more accurately as compared to humans.
• It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform
tasks under the control of a program and produces the output.

• A computer is like a personal assistant that follows instructions to


get things done quickly and accurately.

• It has memory to store information temporarily so that the


computer can quickly access it when needed.
• It is a machine that can perform a variety of tasks and
operations, ranging from simple calculations to complex
simulations and artificial intelligence.

• Computers consist of hardware components such as the


central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices,
input/output devices, and peripherals, as well as software
components such as the operating system and applications.
• The literal meaning of a computer may be a device that will
calculate. Its full form can be abbreviated as Commonly Operated
Machine Particularly Used For Training, Education, and Research.

• The history of computers can be traced back to the 19th century


when mechanical devices such as the Analytical Engine and
tabulating machines were developed.
• However, modern computers as we know them today were
developed in the mid-20th century with the invention of the
transistor and the development of integrated circuits.
• Today, computers are widely used in various industries such
as education, finance, healthcare, and entertainment, and
they have revolutionized the way we live, work, and
communicate.

• They have also given rise to a new era of technology such as


the internet, cloud computing, and mobile devices, which
have further transformed our daily lives.
A Computer can perform the following set of functions:

 Accept data
 Store data
 Process data as desired
 Retrieve the stored data as and when required
 Print the result in desired format.
Characteristics of Computer

•Speed: The computer helps in saving time. It performs several tasks and
multiple calculations in a few bit of seconds that takes us hours to solve.

•Accuracy: Works done by a computer have better accuracy than the work
done by a human being. The errors occur in a computer by entering wrong
data by a human being. A computer performs tasks quickly and accurately.

•Memory: A computer can store billions of data and these records are easily
accessible with high accuracy. We measure computer storage in terms of Bytes,
like KiloBytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), etc.
Characteristics of Computer

•Versatility: The simple meaning of Versatility is performing more than one task,
and as everyone knows, Computers are capable of performing more than one
task at a time, hence it is highly versatile.

•Automation: Today’s World is full of automation as we rapidly move


towards Artificial Intelligence (AI). This feature of the computer replaces
thousands of workers by performing tasks automatically.
Advantages of Computer

•Multitasking: Multitasking is one of the main advantages of computers. A


person can do multiple tasks, and multiple operations at the same time, and
calculate numerical problems within a few seconds.

•Speed: Now the computer isn’t just a calculating device. Now a day’s
computer has a vital role in human life. One of the most advantages of
computers is their incredible speed, which helps human to finish their task in
a few seconds.

•Accuracy: One of the essential advantages of computers is they will perform


not only calculations but also with accuracy.

•Data Security: Protecting digital data is understood as data security.


Advantages of Computer

•Task completer: Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to


complete.

•Communication: The computer helps the user better understand and


communicate with other devices.

•Productivity: The level of productivity gets automatically doubled as the


computer can do the work very fast.

•Reduces workload: Information is often accessed by more than one person with
the necessity for work to be duplicated.

•Reliability: Computers can perform the same sort of work repeatedly without
throwing up errors thanks to tiredness or boredom, which are quite common
among humans.
Disadvantages of computer

•Virus and hacking attacks: A virus may be a worm and hacking is just
unauthorized access over a computer for a few illicit purposes. Viruses can go
to another system from email attachments, viewing an infected website
advertisement, through removable devices like USBs, etc.

•Online Cyber Crimes: Online cyber-crime means computers and networks may
have been utilized in order to commit a crime.

•Reduction in employed opportunity: Mainly past generation hasn’t used the pc


or they need the knowledge of computers they faced an enormous problem
when computers came into the field.

•High Cost: Computers are expensive. Even the foremost affordable computers
are still very expensive for the typical person in South Africa. Since computers
empower people.
•Distractions/disruptions: If you’ve got ever spent hours browsing the web or
watching videos on YouTube, then you recognize how distracting computers can
be! Because of their high entertainment value.

•Increases waste and impacts the environment: With the speed at that computer
and other electronics get replaced, all of the old devices that get thrown away
have a big impact on the environment.

•Health Problems: Prolonged use of computers can lead to various health


Hazards. Too much sitting near the screen results in eye strain and drying up of
the eyes. Also, prolonged sitting leads to neck and back problems.
Generations Period Technology
Used
First 1946-1959 Vacuum tube-
Generation based
Second 1959-1965 Transistor-
Generation based
Third 1965-1971 Integrated
Generation Circuit based
Fourth 1971-1980 VLSI
Generation microprocesso
r-based
Fifth 1980-onwards ULSI
Generation microprocesso
r-based

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