FUNCTIONS OF

SEVERAL VARIABLES Chap 9

FUNCTION OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

9.1 Introduction
9.2 The limits of functions of n variables
9.3 The continuity of functions of n variables
9.4 Partial Derivatives
9.5 Critical points
9.6 Method of Lagrange multiplier
9.7 Max – Min of a functions
9.8 Appications in Economics

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OBJECTIVE

• Find a function value for a function of several variables.

• Limit, continuous (Self-study)
• Derivative
• Optimization problem
• Application in Economic

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Q1. WHAT IS A 2 VAR FUNCTION?

- An expression contains 2 variable

- Uniquely

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9.1 INTRODUCTION

3 ways for visualizing 2 variables functions

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 KEY TERMS
 Independent variables
 Dependent Variable
 Domain
 Range

Example 1 For the following functions,

evaluate f(3,2) and find and sketch the
domain.

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2 VARIABLE FUNCTION

Domain Range Graph

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SKETCH THE GRAPH OF THE FUNCTION

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LEVEL CURVE

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MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS IN ECONOMIC

Cost function

Profit function

Revenue function

Production function

Utility function
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 EXAMPLE 1
a) For the profit function, P(x,y)=4x+6y. Find P(25, 10).
b) A company’s cost function is given by C(x,y)=6,5x+7,25y.
Find C(10,15)

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 EXAMPLE 2
The total cost to a company, in thousands of dollars, is given by
C(x, y, z,w) 4x 2  5y  z  ln(w 1),
Where:
• x dollars is spent for labor,
• y dollars for raw materials,
• z dollars for advertising,
• and w dollars for machinery.
Find C(3, 2, 0, 10).

$43.6 thousand, or $43,600

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 EXAMPLE 3
A business purchases a piece of storage equipment that costs
C1 dollars and has capacity V1.
Later it wishes to replace the original with a new piece of
equipment that costs C2 dollars and has capacity V2.
Industrial economists have found that in such cases, the cost of
the new piece of equipment can be estimated by the
function of three variables
0.6
 V2 
C2   C1 .
V 1

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EXAMPLE 3
For $45,000, a beverage company buys a manufacturing tank
that has a capacity of 10,000 gallons.
Later it decides to buy a tank with double the capacity of the
original.
Estimate the cost of the new tank.

0.6
 20,000 
C2   (45,000) $68,207.25
 10,000 

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 COBB-DOUGLAS
PRODUCTION FUNCTION

In 1928 Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas published a study in which they modeled
the growth of the American economy during the period 1899–1922.
They considered a simplified view of the economy in which production output is
determined by the amount of labor involved and the amount of capital invested.
While there are many other factors affecting economic performance, their
model proved to be remarkably accurate.
The function they used to model production was of the form

Where
 P is the total production (the monetary value of all goods produced in a year),
 L is the amount of labor (the total number of person-hours worked in a year),
 and K is the amount of capital invested (the monetary worth of all machinery,
equipment, and buildings).

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 QUICK CHECK
a) Repeat Example 3 assuming that the company buys a tank with
a capacity of 2.75 times that of the original.
b) What is the percentage increase in cost for this tank compared
to the cost of the original tank?

a) Using the cost formula from Example 3, we get the following.

0.6 0.6
 V2   27,500 
C2   C1 C2   $45, 000 
 V1   10, 000 

$82,568.07

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 QUICK CHECK CONCLUDED
b) What is the percentage increase in cost for this tank compared
to the cost of the original tank?

C2
The formula for finding a percentage increase is p  C  1,where
1

p is the percentage increase, C2 is the new cost, and C1 is the old

cost. So,
82,568.07
p  1 .835 83.5%.
45,000

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 EXAMPLE 4
As the populations of two cities grow, the number of telephone
calls between the cities increases, much like the gravitational
pull will increase between two growing objects in space. The
average number of telephone calls per day between two cities
is given by
2.8P1P2
N (d, P1 , P2 )  2.4 ,
d
where d is the distance, in miles, between the cities and P1 and
P2 are their populations.

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 EXAMPLE 4 (CONCLUDED):
The cities of Dallas and Ft. Worth are 30 mi apart and have
populations of 1,213,825 and 624,067, respectively. Find the
average number of calls per day between the two cities.

N (30, 1,213,825, 624,067) 

2.8(1,213,825)(624,067)

302.4
604,580,752

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 FUNCTIONS OF THREE OR MORE VARIABLES

Function of 3 variables

f: 3  

( x, y , z )  
 f ( x, y , z )

Function of n variables

f: n 
 
( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )  
 z  f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )

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EXERCISE

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EXERCISE

A company makes three sizes of cardboard boxes: small, medium,

and large.
It costs $2.50 to make a small box, $4.00 for a medium box, and
$4.50 for a large box. Fixed costs are $8000.
(a) Express the cost of making x small boxes, y medium boxes,
and z large boxes as a function of three variables C=f(x,y,z)
(b) Find f(3000, 5000, 4000) and interpret it.
(c) What is the domain of f ?

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EXERCISE

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9.2 THE LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF 2 VARIABLES

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EXAMPLE

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LIMIT DOES NOT EXIST

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11/11/2024 K60_FTU2 27
9.3 THE CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF 2 VARIABLES

 The intuitive meaning of continuity is that if the point (x,y) changes by a

small amount, then the value of f(x,y) changes by a small amount. This
means that a surface that is the graph of a continuous function has no
hole or break.
 Using the properties of limits, you can see that sums, differences,
products, and quotients of continuous functions are continuous on their
domains.

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REMARKS

 all polynomials are continuous on R2.

 any rational function is continuous on its domain.

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FUNCTIONS OF THREE OR MORE VARIABLES

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EXERCISES

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PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Section 9.4
OBJECTIVE

• Find the partial derivatives of a given function.

• Evaluate partial derivatives.
• Find the four second-order partial derivatives of a
function in two variables.

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DEFINITION

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 EXAMPLE
For f ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y  xy, find f x 0,1 and f y 0,1

f 0  h,1  f 0,1
f x 0,1 lim
h 0 h
3h 2  h  0
f x 0,1 lim lim 3h  1 1
h 0 h h 0

f 0,1  h   f 0,1 0 0
f y 0,1 lim lim 0
h 0 h h 0 h

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 QUICK CHECK
For f ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y  xy, find f x a, b  and f y a, b 

f a  h, b   f a, b 
f x a, b  lim
h 0 h
3 a  h  b  a  h b  3a 2b  ab
2

f x a, b  lim
h 0 h
3 2ah  h 2 b  hb
f x a, b  lim 6ab  b
h 0 h

f y a, b  ???
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NOTATIONS & RULE

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EXAMPLE 2
2
For f (x, y) 3x y  xy, find fx and fy .

Solution.
f x 6 xy  y Treating y as a constant

2
f y 3 x  x Treating x2 and x as a constants

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 EXAMPLE 3
For find

Solution.
In order to find , we regard x as the variable and y and z as
constants.

Similarly, we get. w
2x  y
x

w w
  x  2 y  2z  2 y  4z 1
y z
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INTERPRETATIONS OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Rates of change.
If z=f(x,y), then

x represents the rate of change of z

with respect to x when y is fixed.

 represents the rate of change of z

with respect to y when x is fixed.

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FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES

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 QUICK CHECK 1
2 3 4du du du
For u  x y z , find , , and .
dx dy dz

du du du
2 xy 3 z 4 3 x 2 y 2 z 4 4 x 2 y 3 z 3
dx dy dz

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EXAMPLE 2
2
For f (x, y) 3x y  xy, find fx and fy .

Solution.
f x 6 xy  y Treating y as a constant

2
f y 3 x  x Treating x2 and x as a constants

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 QUICK CHECK 2
x
For f  x, y  7 x y  , find f x and f y .
3 2

1
f x 21x 2 y 2   Treating y 2 and y as constants.
y

x
3
f y 14 x y  2  Treating x 3 and x as constants.
y

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EXAMPLE 3
For f (x, y) e xy  y ln x, find fx and fy .

Solution
1 xy xyy
fx  y e  y   ye 
x x

fy  x e xy  1 ln x  xe xy  ln x

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THE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION

(i) If either labor or capital vanishes, then so will production.

(ii) The marginal productivity of labor is proportional to the amount of
production per unit of labor.
(iii) The marginal productivity of capital is proportional to the amount of
production per unit of capital.

Why Cobb and Douglas assumed that

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 EXAMPLE 4_COBB DOUGHLAS FUNCTION
A cellular phone company has the following production function
for a certain product:
p(x, y) 50x 2 3 y1 3 ,
where p is the number of units produced with x units of
labor and y units of capital.
a) Find the number of units produced with 125 units of labor
and 64 units of capital.
b) Find the marginal productivities.
c) Evaluate the marginal productivities at x = 125 and y = 64.

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EXAMPLE 4_COBB DOUGHLAS FUNCTION
23 13
a) p(125,64)  50(125) (64)  50(25)(4)
 5000 units
p
b) Marginal Productivity of Labor  px
x
2  1 3 1 3 100 y1 3
px 50  x y 
3 3 x1 3

Marginal Productivity of Capital

1 2 3  2 3 50 x 2 3
p y 50  x y  2 3
3 3y
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EXAMPLE 4_COBB DOUGHLAS FUNCTION

c) Marginal Productivity of Labor

100 64 
13
100 4 2
px 125,64    26
3 125 
13
3 5 3

Marginal Productivity of Capital

50 125 
23
50 25 1
p y 125,64    26
3 64 
23
3 16 24

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EXERCISE

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HIGHER DERIVATIVES
Second partial derivatives

Thus the notation fxy

(or) means that we first
differentiate with
respect to x and then
with respect to y,
whereas in computing
fyx the order is reversed

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 SECOND-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

z
2
 f
2
z
2 2
 f Take the partial with respect to x, and then
1.   2
 2
 f xx
xx xx x x with respect to x again.

2
z
2
 f Take the partial with respect to x, and then
2.   f xy
yx yx with respect to y.

2
z
2
 f Take the partial with respect to y , and then
3.   f yx
xy xy with respect to x.

z
2
 f
2
z
2 2
 f Take the partial with respect to y , and then
4.   2
 2
 f yy
yy yy y y with respect to y again.
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EXAMPLE 5
For find the four second-order partial derivatives.
Solution

2 f  3 3 y 3 2
a) 2
 f xx  (2 xy  4 x y  e ) 2 y  12 x y
x x
2 f 
b)  f xy  (2 xy 3  4 x 3 y  e y ) 6 xy 2  4 x 3  e y
yx y

2 f 2 f
c)  f yx ??? d) 2
 f yy ???
xy y
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 QUICK CHECK
For find the four second-order partial derivatives.

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 SECTION SUMMARY CONCLUDED
 For a surface and a point on this surface, the partial derivative of f with respect
to x gives the slope of the tangent line at in the positive x-direction. Similarly,
the partial derivative of f with respect to y gives the slope of the tangent line at
in the positive y-direction.

 For the second-order partial derivatives are

2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f
f x  2 , f xy  , f yx  , and f yy  2 .
x
 Often (but not always), yx xy y

f xy  f yx .

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DIFFERENTIALS

Total differential

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DIFFERENTIALS

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REVIEW EXERCISES

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THE CHAIN RULE

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EXERCISES

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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

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EXERCISES

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DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES

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DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES

Reconsider Ex 2

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GRADIENT VECTOR

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GRADIENT VECTOR

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FUNCTIONS OF THREE VARIABLES

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MAXIMIZING THE DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

At (2, 0) the function increases fastest in

the direction of the gradient vector:

This vector appears to be perpendicular to

the level curve through (2, 0).

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GRADIENT VECTOR

 Gives the direction of fastest increase of f

 Orthogonal to the level surface S of f through P

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 MAXIMUM- Section 9.5
MINIMUM PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVE
 How to use partial derivatives to locate maxima and
minima of functions of two variables
 Critical point (or stationary point)

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 DEFINITION

A function f of two variables:

1. has a relative maximum at (a, b) if
f (x, y) ≤ f (a, b)
for all points in a rectangular region containing (a, b).

2. has a relative minimum at (a, b) if

f (x, y) ≥ f (a, b)
for all points in a rectangular region containing (a, b).
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THEOREM

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CRITICAL POINTS
A point (a, b) is called a critical point (or stationary point)
of f if fx(a, b) = 0 and fy(a, b) =0 or if one of these partial
derivatives does not exist
Given Partial
function derivative

Critical
points

Local
Using Test
Extrema
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TEST FOR LOCAL EXTREMA

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 THE D-TEST
To find the relative maximum and minimum values of f:
1. Find fx, fy, fxx, fyy, and fxy.
2. Solve the system of equations fx = 0, fy = 0. Let
(a, b) represent a solution.
3. Evaluate D, where D = fxx(a, b)·fyy(a, b) – [ fxy(a, b)]2.
4. Then:
a) f has a maximum at (a, b) if D > 0 and fxx(a, b) < 0.
b) f has a minimum at (a, b) if D > 0 and fxx(a, b) > 0.
c) f has neither a maximum nor a minimum at (a, b) if
D < 0. The function has a saddle point at (a, b).
d) This test is not applicable if D = 0.

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 EXAMPLE 1
Find the relative maximum or minimum values of f (x, y) x 2  xy  y 2  3x.
Solution.
Step 1. Find fx, fy, fxx, fyy, and fxy.
f x 2 x  y  3 0; f y  x  2 y 0; f xx 2; f yy 2; f xy 1
Step 2. Solve the system of equations fx = 0 and fy = 0.
2 x  y  3 0  x 2
   Thus, (2, –1) is the only
 x  2 y 0  y  1 critical point.

Step 3. Find D.
D  f xx (2,  1) f yy (2,  1)  [ f xy (2,  1)]2 3

Step 4. Since D = 3 and fxx(2, –1) = 2, since D > 0 and fxx(2, –1) > 0,
It follows from the D-Test that f has a relative minimum at (2, –1).
The minimum value is
f (2,  1)  3
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QUICK CHECK 1
Find the local maximum and minimum values of
f  x, y   x 2  xy  2 y 2  7 x.

Ans.
f has a minimum at (4, -1). The minimum value is -
14

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 EXAMPLE 2:
Find the relative maximum and minimum values of
f (x, y) xy  x 3  y 2 .

 relative maximum at (1/6, 1/12).

 (0,0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum value but a saddle point

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 QUICK CHECK 2
Find the critical points of
Then use the D-test to classify each point as a
relative maximum, a relative minimum, or a
saddle point.

Thus there are critical points at

a relative maximum a saddle point

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EXAMPLE 3
A firm produces two kinds of golf balls, one that sells for $3 and
one priced at $2. The total revenue, in thousands of dollars,
from the sale of x thousand balls at $3 each and y thousand
at $2 each is given by
R(x, y) 3x  2y.
The company determines that the total cost, in thousands of
dollars, of producing x thousand of the $3 ball and y
thousand of the $2 ball is given by
C(x, y) 2x 2  2xy  y 2  9x  6y  7.
How many balls of each type must be produced and sold in
order to maximize profit?

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EXAMPLE 3 (CONTINUED):
The total profit function P(x,y) is given by

P  x, y   R( x, y )  C ( x, y )
P  x, y  3 x  2 y  (2 x  2 xy  y  9 x  6 y  7)
2 2

P  x, y   2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  12 x  4 y  7

Thus, (4, 2) is the only critical point.

P has a relative maximum at (4,2).
So in order to maximize profit, the company must produce and
sell 4 thousand of the $3 golf ball and 2 thousand of the $2
golf ball. The maximum profit will be 13 thousand dollars.

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 QUICK CHECK 3
Repeat Example 3 using the same cost function and
assuming that the company’s total revenue, in
thousands of dollars, comes from the sale of x
thousand balls at $3.50 each and y thousand at
$3.75 each.
The total profit function P(x,y) is given by

P  x, y   R  x, y   C  x , y 
P  x, y  3.50 x  2.75 y  2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  9 x  6 y  7 
P  x, y   2 x 2  y 2  2 xy  12.50 x  3.25 y  7.

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 SECTION SUMMARY

 A two-variable function f has a relative maximum at (a,b) if

for all points in a region containing (a,b) and has a relative
minimum at (a,b) if for all points in a region
containing (a,b).

 The D-test is used to classify a critical point as a relative

minimum, a relative maximum, or a saddle point.

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

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 EXAMPLE 7

The only critical point is (1, 1),

and the value of f there is f (1,
1)= 1.

Bounda Function Min Max

ry Absolute
maximum value of
L1 f on D is
L2
L3
L4 Absolute
minimum value of
f on D is
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EXERCISES

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CONSTRAINED Section 9.6
OPTIMIZATION
OBJECTIVE

• Find maximum and minimum values using Lagrange

multipliers.
• Solve applied problems involving Lagrange multipliers.

Find the extreme values of f(x, y)

subject to a constraint of the form
g(x,y)=k

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METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS

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THE METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
To find a maximum or minimum value of a function f (x, y)
subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 0:

1. Form a new function:

F(x, y, λ) = f (x, y) – λg(x, y).
The variable λ (lambda) is called a Lagrange multiplier.

2. Find the first partial derivatives Fx, Fy, and Fλ.

3. Solve the system

Fx = 0, Fy = 0, and Fλ = 0,

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THE METHOD OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
Let (a, b, λ) represent a solution of this system.
We normally must determine whether (a, b, λ) yields a maximum
or minimum of the function f.
For the problems in this text, we will specify that a maximum or
minimum exists.
The method of Lagrange multipliers can be extended to
functions of three (or more) variables.

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 EXAMPLE 1
Find the maximum value of A(x, y) = xy
subject to the constraint x + y = 20.

First note that x + y = 20 is equivalent to x + y – 20 = 0.

1. We form the new function, F, given by

F(x, y, λ) = xy – λ·(x + y – 20).
2. We find the first partial derivatives:
Fx = y – λ Fy = x – λ Fλ = – ( x + y – 20)

3. We set each derivative equal to 0 and solve the resulting

system

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 EXAMPLE 1 (CONCLUDED):

From the first two equations, we can see that x = λ = y.

Substituting x for y in the last equation, we get

x  x  20 0 x 10
Thus, y = x = 10. The maximum value of A subject to the constraint
occurs at (10, 10) and is
A(10,10)  10 10
 100

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 QUICK CHECK 1

Find the maximum value of A(x,y)=xy

subject to the constraint x+2y=30

F  x, y,    xy    x  2 y  30 .
Thus the maximum is
A 15,7.5  15(7.5) 112.5.

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EXAMPLE 2
Find the maximum value of f (x, y) = 3xy
subject to the constraint 2x + y = 8.

Ans
the maximum value of f subject to the constraint occurs
at (2, 4)

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QUICK CHECK 2
Find the minimum value of
subject to the constraint

The minimum is
2 2
 3 1  3  1 9 1 1
g  ,            .
 10 10   10   10  100 100 10

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 EXAMPLE 3
The standard beverage can has a volume of 12 fl. oz, or 21.66 in3.
What dimensions yield the minimum surface area?
Find the minimum surface area.
(Assume the shape of the can is a right circular cylinder.)
Solution
We want to minimize the function s, given by
s(h, r) = 2πrh + 2πr2
subject to the volume constraint πr2h = 21.66 or πr2h – 21.66 = 0.

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 EXAMPLE 3 (CONTINUED)
1. We form the new function, S, given by
S(h, r, λ) = 2πrh + 2πr2 – λ·(πr2h – 21.66).

2. We find the first partial derivatives:

Sh = 2πr – λπr2
Sr = 2πh – 4πr – 2λπrh
Sλ = – (πr2h – 21.66)
3. We set each derivative equal to 0 and solve the resulting system
Since π is a constant, solve the first equation for r.
10.83
r 3 1.51 in

Thus, when r = 1.51 in, we have h = 3.02 in, and the surface area is then a
minimum and is approximately
2 (1.51)(3.02)  2 (1.51)2 42.98 in 2
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QUICK CHECK 3
Repeat Example 3 for a right circular cylinder
with a volume of 500 mL. (Hint: )

1. Form the function S given by

S h, r ,   2 rh  2 r 2    r 2 h  500 .
2. Find the first partial derivatives and solve
the system2 r   r 2 0
r 4.3 cm, h 8.6 cm.
2 h  4 r  2 rh 0
     ,
2
2 4.3 8.6  2 4.3
  r h  500  0
2

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 TWO CONSTRAINTS

EXAMPLE 5 Find the maximum value of the function

f(x,y,z)=2+2y+3z on the curve of intersection of the
plane x-y+z=1 and the cylinder x2+y2=1.

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 SECTION SUMMARY

 If input variables x and y for a function f(x,y) are related by

another equation, that equation is a constraint.
 Constrained optimization is a method of determining
maximum and minimum points on a surface represented by
z=f(x,y) subject to given restrictions (constraints) on the input
variables x and y.
 The method of Lagrange multipliers allows us to find a
maximum or minimum value of a function f(x,y) subject to
the constraint g(x,y)=0

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 SECTION SUMMARY CONCLUDED

 If the constraints are inequalities, the set of points that satisfy

all the constraints simultaneously is called the region of
feasibility.
 If the region of feasibility is closed and bounded and the
surface z=f(x,y) is continuous over the region, then the
Extreme-Value Theorem guarantees that f will have both an
absolute maximum and an absolute minimum value.
 Critical points may be located at vertices, along a boundary, or
in the interior of a region of feasibility.

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