EET 4314- Introduction to Power

Systems
Pre-requisite EET 3311- Introduction to Electrical Machines

Chapter Two
Representation of Power System Components

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 Single Phase Solution of Balanced Three
Phase Networks

The solution of a three-phase network under balanced

conditions is easily carried out by solving the single-
phase network corresponding to the reference phase.
Figure 2.1 shows a simple, balanced three-phase
network.

The generator and load neutrals are therefore at the

same potential, so that I = 0.
n
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For the reference phase a

The currents and voltages in the other phases

have the same magnitude but are progressively
shifted in phase by 120°.
Equation (2.1) corresponds to the single-phase
network of Fig. 2.2 whose solution completely
determines the solution of the three-phase
network.
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Consider now the case where a three phase
transformer forms parts of a three phase system.

If the transformer is Y/Y connected as shown in fig.

2.3a, in a single phase equivalent of the three
phase circuit it can be obviously represented by a
single phase transformer as in fig. 2.3b with
primary and secondary pertaining to phase ‘a’ of
the three phase transformer.

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 ONE LINE DIAGRAM AND IMPEDANCE OR
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
• It is clear that a detailed representation of each of the three phases
in the system is cumbersome and can also obscure information about
the system.
• A balanced three-phase system is solved as a single-phase circuit
made of one line and the neutral return; thus a simpler
representation.
• Further simplification by omitting the neutral.

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• The simplified diagram is called the single-line diagram or one-line
diagram.
• The one-line diagram summarizes the relevant information about the
system for the particular problem studied.
• For example, relays and circuit breakers are not important when dealing
with a normal state problem. However, when fault conditions are
considered, the location of relays and circuit breakers is important and is
thus included in the single-line diagram.
• The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have published a set of standard symbols
for electrical diagrams.
• The main component of a one-line (or single line) diagram are : Buses,
Branches, Loads, Machines, 2 winding Transformers, Switched Shunts,
Reactor and Capacitor Banks.

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 One Line Diagram - Symbols

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It is important to know the location of points where a system is connected
to ground in order to calculate the amount of current flow when an
unsymmetrical fault involving ground occurs. The standard symbol to
designate a three-phase Y with the neutral solidly grounded is shown in
Figure below.

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Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
The impedance (Z = R + jX) diagram is converted from one-line diagram
showing the equivalent circuit of each component of the system.
It is needed in order to calculate the performance of a system under load
conditions (Load flow studies) or upon the occurrence of a short circuit (fault
analysis studies).

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Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified from impedance diagram by
omitting
• all static loads,
• all resistances,
• the magnetizing current of each transformer, and
• the capacitance of the transmission line.

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 Per Unit System
• In power systems large amounts of power being transmitted in the range
of kilowatts to megawatts, at different voltage levels.
• As a result, in analysis, it is useful to scale, or normalize quantities with
large physical values and this is commonly called per unit system in
power system analysis.
• The per unit system is widely used in the power system industry to
express values of voltages, currents, powers, and impedances of various
power equipment.
• It is mainly used for transformers and AC machines
• Per unit system used extensively along with one-line diagram to further
simplify the process.

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Per Unit Calculations

• All base values are only magnitude. They are not associated with
any angle.
• The per unit values, however, are phasors.
• The phase angles of the currents and voltages and the power factor
of the circuit are not affected by the conversion to per unit values.
• In general, the per unit value is the ratio of the actual value and the
base value of the same quantity.
• The per unit system values can also be expressed as per cent values.

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 Base value
• Specify the base values of current and voltage - base impedance,
kilovoltamperes can be determined
• Quantities and base value selected are:
voltage, base value in kilovolts, kV
current, base value in ampere, A
• Generally the following two base values are chosen :
The base power = nominal power of the equipment
The base voltage = nominal voltage of the equipment
The base current and the base impedance are determined by the natural
laws of electrical circuits

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Usually, the nominal apparent power (S) and nominal voltage (V) are
taken as the base values for power (Sbase) and voltage (Vbase).
The base values for the current (Ibase) and impedance (Zbase) can be
calculated based on the first two base values.

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 Per-unit System for 1- φ Circuits

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 For single phase system

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 Exercise 2.1
A generator has an impedance of 2.65 ohms. What is its impedance in per-
unit, using bases 500MVA and 22KV.

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Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits
• Have the same per unit values for line to line and line to neutral
quantities.
• Make everything look like a single phase circuit.
• Balanced three phase circuits can be solved in per unit on a per phase
basis after converting delta load impedance to equivalent Y impedance.
Base value can be selected on a per phase basis or on a three phase
basis.

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 Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits
(Impedance)

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Example 2.1
Given base KVA for 3 phase systems is 30 000KVA and voltage base line to line
120KV. Find:
SB,1, VB,LN, VLN, Vpu

Given actual line to line voltage is 108KV

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Solution

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 Change of Base
• The impedance of individual generators & transformer, are generally in
terms of percent/per unit based on their own ratings.

• Impedance of transmission line in ohmic value.

• When pieces of equipment with various different ratings are connected to

a system, it is necessary to convert their impedances to a per unit value
expressed on the same base.

In other word, since all impedances in any one part of the a system must be
expressed on the same impedance base when making computations, it is
necessary to have a means of converting per-unit impedances from one
based to another.

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Example 2.2
The reactance of a generator designated X” is given as 0.25 per unit based on
the generator’s nameplate rating of 18 KV, 500 MVA. The base for calculations
is 20KV, 100 MVA. Find X” on the new base.

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Exercise 2.2

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 Procedure for Per Unit Analysis
1. Pick SBasefor the system.
2. Pick VBase according to line-to-line voltage.
3. Calculate ZBasefor different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

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How to solve problems containing multiple transformer?

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Transformer Voltage Base

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How to Choose Base Values ?
1. Divide circuit into zones by transformers.
2. Specify two base values out of IB, ZB, VB, SB; for example, SBase
and VBase
3. Specify voltage base in the ratio of zone line to line voltage.

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Example 2.3
Given a one line diagram,

Choosing a base apparent power of 10MVA and a base line voltage LL of

69 kV ;
find Ig, It, Vload and Pload

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Step 1, 2, and 3: Base Values
Step 1:
Calculate the base voltage in each zone

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Step 2 : Calculate the base impedance in each zone
Step 3 : Calculate the base current in each zone

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Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities

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Step 5: One Phase Diagram & Solve

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Step 6: Convert back to actual quantities

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Example 2.4
A one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown. Draw the
impedance diagram of the power system, and mark all impedances in per
unit. Use a base of 100 MVA and 138 kV for the transmission lines. All
transformers are connected to step up the voltage of the generators to the
transmission line voltages.

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Voltage zones:
Zone 1: Vb= 13.8 Kv, Sb= 100 MVA
Zone 2: Vb= 19.05 Kv, Sb= 100 MVA
Zone 3: Vb= 11.6 Kv, Sb= 100 MVA
Zone 4: Vb= 138 Kv, Sb= 100 MVA

Impedances:

𝑍𝐺1 = 𝑗0.15 () () = 𝑗0.305 𝑝𝑢

2

𝑍𝐺2 = 𝑗0.12() () = 𝑗0.195 𝑝𝑢

2

𝑍𝑀 = 𝑗0.23() () = 𝑗0.307 𝑝𝑢
2

𝑍𝑇1 = 𝑗0.1() () = 𝑗0.2 𝑝𝑢

2

𝑍𝑇2 = 𝑗0.1() () = 𝑗0.167 𝑝u

2

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𝑍𝑇3 = 𝑗 0.1 () () = 𝑗 0.143 𝑝𝑢
2

𝑍𝑏 = = 190.4 Ω

𝑍𝑇𝐿1 = = 𝑗 0.21 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑇𝐿2 = = 𝑗 0.105𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑇𝐿3 = = 𝑗 0.0788 𝑝u

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Exercise 2.3 (refer example 2.4)
Calculate the terminal voltage of G2 (in pu) if G1 is out of service
and the motor draws 50 MW of power with 1 pu voltage at its
terminals.

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 Assignment 1
Prove that the pu equivalent impedance of a two winding
transformer is the same whether referred to the H.T side
or L.T side.

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