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    Analysis

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    Wafa Rubab

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    Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Wafa Rubab
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    1 views26 pages

    Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Wafa Rubab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Data Analysis

    Data Analysis

     Dataanalysis is the process of systematically


    applying statistical and/or logical techniques
    to describe and illustrate and evaluate data.
    Example

     A simple example of data analysis can be seen


    whenever we make a decision in our daily lives by
    evaluating what has happened in the past or what will
    happen if we make that decision. Basically, this is the
    process of analyzing the past or future and making a
    decision based on that analysis
    Types of Data Analysis

    1. Descriptive
    2. Inferential
    Descriptive Data Analysis

     It involves summarizing and describing the main


    features of a dataset. It focuses on organizing and
    presenting the data in a meaningful way, often using
    measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard
    deviation.
     It provides an overview of the data and helps identify
    patterns or trends
    Inferential Data Analysis

     It aims to make inferences or predictions about a


    larger population based on sample data. It involves
    applying statistical techniques such as hypothesis
    testing, confidence intervals, and regression analysis.
     It helps generalize findings from a sample to a larger
    population.
    Data Analysis Methods

     Qualitative Data Analysis


     Quantitative Data Analysis
    Qualitative Data Analysis

    The most common qualitative methods include:


    1. Content Analysis, for analyzing behavioral and verbal data.
    2. Narrative Analysis, for working with data culled from interviews,
    diaries, surveys.
    Quantitative Data Analysis

     Hypothesis Testing, for assessing the truth of a given hypothesis


    or theory for a data set or demographic.
     Mean, or average determines a subject’s overall trend by dividing
    the sum of a list of numbers by the number of items on the list.
    Importance of Data Analysis in
    Research
    1. Plays a key role in distilling this information into a more accurate
    and relevant form, making it easier for researchers to do to their
    job.
    2. Provides researchers with a vast selection of different tools, such
    as descriptive statistics, inferential analysis, and quantitative
    analysis.
    3. Offers researchers better data and better ways to analyze and
    study said data
    Data Analysis Tools

     Microsoft Excel
     SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
     Python
     Rapid Miner
    Statistical Analysis of Differences

     Statistical analysis of differences involves assessing


    whether there are significant variations or disparities
    between groups, conditions, or treatments in a
    dataset.
     Depending on the nature of your data and research
    questions, there are various statistical methods to
    analyze differences
    Examples

     T Test
     ANOVA (Analysis of Variation)
     Chi square Test
     Parametric Tests
     Non Parametric Tests
    Anova

     a statistical test used to analyze the difference between the


    means of more than two groups.
     A one-way ANOVA uses one independent variable, while a two-
    way ANOVA uses two independent variables.
    Chi square test

     to compare observed results with expected results. The purpose


    of this test is to determine if a difference between observed data
    and expected data is due to chance, or if it is due to a
    relationship between the variables you are studying.
    Parametric test versus non-
    parametric
     If your data are normally distributed, parametric tests can usually
    be used, if they are not normally distributed, non-parametric
    tests are usually used.
     If the data are normally distributed, parametric tests such as the
    t-test, ANOVA or Pearson correlation are used.
     If the data are not normally distributed, the nonparametric tests
    are used. These are for example the Mann-Whitney U Test or the
    Wilcoxon-Test.
    T Test

     A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test used in data


    analysis to determine whether there is a significant
    difference between the means of two groups or
    conditions
     It is particularly useful when you want to compare the
    means of two independent groups or when you want
    to compare the mean of a sample to a known
    population mean
    Types of T Test

     Independent Sample T Test


     Paired / Non independent T Test
    Paired / Non independent T Test

     The paired samples t-test is used when you have two sets of
    related or paired observations. It's commonly used to assess
    whether there is a significant difference between the means of
    two related groups.
     For example, you might use a paired samples t-test to compare
    the blood pressure of patients before and after a treatment.
    Independent Sample T Test

     This type of t-test is used when you want to compare the means
    of two independent groups.
     For example, you might use an independent samples t-test to
    determine whether there is a significant difference in the average
    test scores between two groups of students, one group receiving
    a new teaching method and the other group receiving the
    traditional teaching method.
    Statistical Analysis of Relationship

     Statistical analysis of relationships focuses on examining and


    quantifying the associations or correlations between variables in
    a dataset.
     Understanding the relationships between variables is crucial for
    making informed decisions and drawing meaningful insights from
    data
    Example

    What is the association of cigarette smoking with lung cancer?


    Does risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes
    smoked?
    Types

     Correlation Analysis
     Regression Analysis
     Correlation and regression are statistical measurements that are
    used to quantify the strength of the linear relationship between
    two variables. Correlation determines if two variables have a
    linear relationship while regression describes the cause and
    effect between the two.

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