BEC515D - SatComm - Module4

Course outcomes
(Course Skill Set)

• At the end of the course, the student will be able to :
1. Describe the satellite orbits and its trajectories with the definitions of parameters
associated with it.
2. Describe the Electronic hardware systems associated with the satellite subsystem and
earth station.
3. Describe the communication satellite with the focus on national satellite system.
4. Classification and characterization of optical fibers with different modes of signal
propagation.
5. Describe the constructional features and the characteristics of optical fiber and optical
devices used for signal transmission and reception.
Module-4
• Optical Fiber Structures:
• Optical Fiber Modes and Configurations,
• Mode theory for circular waveguides, Single mode fibers,
• Fiber materials.
• Attenuation and Dispersion: Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering Losses,
Bending loss, Signal Dispersion:
• Modal delay, Group delay, Material dispersion.
[Text 2 : 2.3[2.3.1 to 2.3.4], 2.4[2.4.1, 2.4.2],2.5, 2.7],3.1, 3.2 L1, L2, L3
Module – 1: Satellite Orbits and Trajectories
• Satellite orbits and trajectories are both paths,
• An orbit is a path that repeats,
• while a trajectory is a path that is not repeated:
Orbit:
• The path of a satellite around a planet, such as Earth, that is repeatedly
traversed.
Trajectory:
• The path of a moving body, such as a launch vehicle carrying a satellite, that is
not repeated.
Module - 1
• Understanding satellite orbits and
trajectories is important for understanding
how satellites operate.
• The motion of satellites is governed by

centripetal and centrifugal forces, which
can be explained by Newton's and Kepler's
laws.
• The horizontal velocity at which a satellite

is launched affects its trajectory.
Module - 1
• While a trajectory is a path traced by a
moving body, an orbit is a trajectory
that is periodically repeated.
• While the path followed by the motion

of an artificial satellite around Earth is
an orbit.
• The path followed by a launch

vehicle is called the launch trajectory.
Module - 1
Some types of orbits include:
Elliptical orbit
• The main type of orbit, with a circular orbit being a special case when the
eccentricity is zero
Sun-synchronous Orbit (SSO)
• A type of orbit where satellites are synchronized to be in constant dawn or
dusk.
• This allows them to take images of the same place across many days, weeks,
months, or years.
Module - 1
• India has been launching satellites since 1975, using both Indian and other
rockets.
• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the only agency in India that
is capable of launching satellites, and is responsible for all research and
commercial projects.
India has three major rocket launching sites:

• Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (Thumba), Kerala
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota), Andhra Pradesh
• Dr Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha
Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory
• A trajectory is a path traced by a moving body.
• An orbit is a trajectory that is periodically repeated.
• While the path followed by the motion of an artificial satellite around Earth
is an orbit, the path followed by a launch vehicle is a trajectory called the
launch trajectory.
• ‘Trajectory’, is associated with a path that is not periodically revisited.
Trajectories:
The path followed by a rocket on its way to the right position for a satellite
launch (Figure 2.2) or the path followed by orbiting satellites when they move
from an intermediate orbit to their final destined orbit (Figure 2.3) are examples
of trajectories.
Trajectory: Path of a Rocket during Satellite Launch Trajectory: From intermediate orbit to final orbit
Orbiting Satellites – Basic Principles
• The motion of natural and artificial satellites
around Earth is governed by two forces.
• One of them is the centripetal force directed
towards the centre of the Earth due to the
gravitational force
• Other is the centrifugal force that acts outwards
from the centre of the Earth (Fig. 2.4).
• It may be mentioned here that the centrifugal
force is the force exerted during circular motion,
by the moving object upon the other object
around which it is moving.
Orbiting Satellites – Basic Principles
• In the case of a satellite orbiting Earth, the satellite exerts a
centrifugal force.
• However, the force that is causing the circular motion is the
centripetal force.
• In the absence of this centripetal force, the satellite would have
continued to move in a straight line at a constant speed after
injection.
• The centripetal force directed at right angles to the satellite’s
velocity
Orbital Parameters
1. Ascending and descending nodes:
2. Equinoxes
3. Solstices
4. Apogee
5. Perigee
6. Eccentricity
7. Semi Major Axis
8. Right ascension of the ascending node
9. Inclination
10. Argument of the perigee
11. True anomaly of the satellite
Orbital Parameters
1. Ascending and descending nodes:
• The satellite orbit cuts the equatorial plane at
two points:
• First, called the descending node (N1), where
the satellite passes from the northern
hemisphere to the southern hemisphere,
(North to South)
• Second, called the ascending node (N2),

where the satellite passes from the southern
hemisphere to the northern hemisphere
(South to North)
Orbital Parameters
• Equinoxes. The inclination of the equatorial plane
of Earth with respect to the direction of the sun,
defined by the angle formed by the line joining the
centre of the Earth and the sun with the Earth’s
equatorial plane follows a sinusoidal variation and
completes one cycle of sinusoidal variation over a
period of 365 days (Figure 2.10).
• The sinusoidal variation of the angle of inclination is
defined by
• Inclination angle (in degrees) = 23.4 sin (2*pi*t/T)
Orbital Parameters
3. Solstices:
• Solstices are the times when the inclination angle is at its maximum, i.e. 23.4◦.
• These also occur twice during a year on 20-21 June, called the summer
solstice, and 21-22 December, called the winter solstice.
4. Apogee:
• Apogee is the point on the satellite orbit that is at the farthest distance from
the centre of the Earth (Figure 2.12).
• The apogee distance can be computed from the known values of the orbit
eccentricity e and the semi-major axis a from
Apogee Distance = a ( 1 + e )
Orbital Parameters
The apogee distance can also be computed from the known values of the perigee
distance and the velocity at the perigee Vp from
)
Where,
Orbital Parameters
5. Perigee.
• Perigee is the point on the orbit that is nearest to the centre of the Earth
(Figure 2.13). The perigee distance can be computed from the known values of
orbit
Perigee distance = a (1 − e)
Orbital Parameters
Orbital Parameters
7. Semi-major axis:
• This is a geometrical parameter of an elliptical orbit. It can, however, can be
computed from known values of apogee and perigee distances as
8. Right ascension of the ascending node:

• The right ascension of the ascending node tells about the orientation of the
line of nodes, which is the line joining the ascending and descending nodes,
with respect to the direction of the vernal equinox.
• It is expressed as an angle _ measured from the vernal equinox towards the
line of nodes in the direction of rotation of Earth
Orbital Parameters
Ω = right ascension
of ascending node.
• It is expressed as an
angle_measured
from the vernal
equinox towards the
line of nodes in the
direction of rotation
of Earth
Orbital Parameters
Orbital Parameters
Orbital Parameters

BEC515D - SatComm - Module4

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Course outcomes

(Course Skill Set)

• The motion of satellites is governed by

• The horizontal velocity at which a satellite

• While the path followed by the motion

• The path followed by a launch

India has three major rocket launching sites:

• Second, called the ascending node (N2),

8. Right ascension of the ascending node:

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