MUSCULAR

SYSTEM
Part 2
Doctor Alcala ordered 10mg Pen G sodium IM to be given to
the patient Baby Bea. While Nurse John Lloyd is preparing
the medicine, he asks himself, what is the best site for the
injection?
1. What do you suggest?
2. What would happen if the medicine was given in the
wrong muscles?
 Divisions of the Muscular
System
1. Head Muscles
2. Neck Muscles
3. Upper Body Muscles
4. Lower Body Muscles
5. Hand Muscles (video)
6. Muscles of the Foot (video)
7. Simple Muscle Movements
 Upper Body Muscles
1. Abdominal Muscles
2. Pectoral Muscles
3. Deltoid
4. Trapezius
5. Biceps
6. Triceps
7. Brachioradialis
 Abdominal Muscles

They are located between the ribs and the pelvis on the front
of the body. The abdominal muscles support the trunk, allow
movement and hold organs in place by regulating internal
abdominal pressure. They are the:
1. Rectus Abdominis
2. External Abdominal Oblique
3. Internal Abdominal Oblique
4. Transverse Abdominis
 RECTUS ABDOMINIS

informally known as the abs

muscle, is a long muscle of the
anterior abdominal wall.

- flexes the trunk anteriorly.

 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL
OBLIQUE

is a paired muscle located on the

lateral sides of the
abdominal wall.
- rotates the trunk to the
opposite side and contributes
to lateral flexion of the trunk on
the same side.
 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL
OBLIQUE

a broad thin muscular sheet found on

the lateral side of the abdomen.
. Upon bilateral contraction, the
internal abdominal oblique flexes the
trunk.
- compression of the intra-abdominal
viscera thereby increasing the intra-
abdominal pressure.
 TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

is a broad paired muscular sheet

found on the lateral sides of the
abdominal wall.
-have a protective as well as a
supportive role, holding the
abdominal organs in place.
 Pectoral Muscles

- colloquially referred to as "pecs“ are the muscles that

connect the front of the human chest with the bones of the
upper arm and shoulder. The pectoral region is located on
the anterior chest wall. It contains four muscles that exert a
force on the upper limb;
1. Pectoralis Major
2. Pectoralis Minor.
 Pectoralis Major
-makes up the bulk of the
chest muscles and lies under the
breast.
- as a
strong adductor and internal
rotator of the humerus at the
shoulder joint.
 Pectoralis Minor
- one of the
most superficial muscles on the
anterior aspect of the chest or
thoracic wall, located deep only
to the pectoralis major muscle.
- elevates the ribs for deep
inspiration
 Deltoid

It is a rounded, triangular muscle located on the

uppermost part of the arm and the top of the shoulder. It is
named after the Greek letter delta, which is shaped like an
equilateral triangle.
1. Anterior
2. Lateral.
3. Posterior
 Anterior
- also known as the Clavicular
- is a thick, triangular shoulder
muscle.
- it helps in the abduction, flexion,
and internal rotation of the
shoulders
 Posterior
- also known as the Scapular
- act with the latissimus dorsi to
produce extension of the arm
during ambulation
Lateral/ Central/Acromial
- rises from the lateral margin
and superior surface of
the acromion of scapula.
- sometimes also known as the
middle or central, is the largest
and the strongest.
- involved in shoulder abduction
when the shoulder is internally
rotated
 Trapezius

- a large, triangular, paired

muscle located on the posterior
aspect of the neck and thorax.
- It moves the scapula and
supports the arm.
 Biceps
A large muscle in the upper arm
which turns the hand to face
palm uppermost and flexes the
arm and forearm.
It is a powerful prime mover for
flexion of the forearm
 Triceps
A large muscle on the back of the
upper limb of many vertebrates.
Responsible for extension of the
elbow joint (straightening of the
arm).
 Brachioradialis
- is a muscle of the forearm that
flexes the forearm at the elbow.
- is also capable of both
pronation and supination,
depending on the position of the
forearm.
 Muscles of the Hand
• Divided into 2 groups
1. Intrinsic muscles – hand and thumb
2. Extrinsic Muscles
 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• located within the hand 3. Dorsal Interosseous
itself. They are responsible 4. Abductor Digital minimi
for the fine motor
functions of the hand. 5. Flexor Digiti Mini
They are the... 6. Opponens Digiti Minimi
1. Lumbricals 7. Palmaris brevis
2. Palmar interosseous
 Lumbricals

- deep muscles of the hand that

flex the metacarpophalangeal
joints and extend
the interphalangeal joints.
It has four, small, worm-like
muscles on each hand.
 Palmar Interosseous

- are short unipennate intrinsic

muscles of the hand.
-helps in the movement of the
fingers towards the middle
finger.
 Dorsal Interosseous
- are four muscles in the back of
the hand
- acts to abduct (spread)
the index, middle, and ring
fingers away from hand's midline
(ray of middle finger)
 Abductor Digital Minimi
- short intrinsic muscle of
the hand.
- main function of abductor digiti
minimi involves abduction of the
5th finger, as well as flexion of its
proximal phalanx.
 Flexor Digiti Mini
- are located on the ulnar
(medial) aspect of the hand
- main function of this muscle
is the flexion of the little finger
 Opponens Digiti Minimi
- located on the ulnar side of
the palm, between the wrist
- is responsible for flexion,
lateral rotation and opposition of
the little finger
 Palmaris Brevis

- a small quadrangular muscle

found in the hypothenar region
of the hand.
- this muscle aids in producing
and maintaining an effective
and strong grip by tightening the
palmar aponeurosis.
 Intrinsic Muscles of the Thumb
1. Adductor Pollicis
2. Flexor Pollicis Brevis
3. Opponens Pollicis
4. Abductor Pollicis Brevis
 Adductor Pollicis
- is a triangular
intrinsic muscle of the hand.
-main action of this muscle
is adduction of the thumb in
the carpometacarpal joint.
 Flexor Pollicis Brevis
- short, broad intrinsic muscle of
the hand
- flexor pollicis brevis acts on the
thumb and flexes it at
the metacarpophalangeal joint.
 Opponens Policis

- short intrinsic muscle of

the hand.
- acts on the thumb and flexes it
at the metacarpophalangeal
joint.
 Abductor Policis Brevis

- the most lateral and the most

superficial thenar muscles,
located underneath the skin
- its function is abduction of the
thumb at the carpometa-carpal
joint.
 Extrinsic
- located in the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. They control
crude movements and produce a forceful grip.
- muscles of the hand that originate outside the hand but insert into structures
within the hand
Examples are the:
1. Flexor carpi radialis muscle
2. Palmaris longus muscle
3. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
4. Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
5. Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Muscle
-is a fusiform muscle located in
the anterior forearm
-it helps in the flexing
the hand on the wrist
Palmaris Longus Muscle
- is a long muscle of the
anterior forearm.
- helps in wrist flexion and
tensioning the palmar aponeurosis.
- This muscle plays an important
function in the anatomy of the grip.
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Muscle
- is a fusiform muscle located in
the anterior compartment of
the forearm
Together with other muscles of
the anterior forearm, flexor carpi
ulnaris, flexes the hand at
the wrist.
.
 Flexor Digitorum
Superficialis
- is the largest muscle of
the anterior compartment of
the forearm.
- the main action of this muscle
is flexion of the digits 2-5 at both
the metacarpopharyngeal and
proximal interphalangeal joints.
 Flexor Digitorum Profundus

- is a fusiform muscle located

deep within the anterior (flexor)
compartment of the forearm.
- it also assists in flexion of
the hand on the wrist.
 Lower Body Muscles
1. Gluteus
2. Quadriceps
3. Hamstrings
4. Gastrocnemius
5. Soleus
 Gluteus
Any of three muscles in each buttock which move the thigh,
the largest of which is the gluteus maximus.
1. Gluteus Maximus
2. Gluteus Medius.
3. Gluteus Minimus -.
 Gluteus Maximus
-the most superficial gluteal
muscle that forms the
prominence of the gluteal
region.
-helps in the movement of the
hip and thigh
 Gluteus Medius
- is a large fan-shaped muscle
located in the posterior hip,
- stabilizes the pelvis while
standing or walking
 Gluteus Minimus
- small triangular muscle located
deep in the posterior region of
the hip
- hip stabilization and abduction
 Quadriceps Click icon to add picture

A large muscle group that includes the

four prevailing muscles on the front of
the thigh.
It is the great extensor muscle of the
knee, forming a large fleshy mass
which covers the front and sides of the
femur.
1. Vastus Lateralis
2. Vastus Intermedius
3. Vastus Medialis
 Vastus Lateralis
- the largest and most powerful
part of the muscles in the thigh
- extend the lower leg and allow
the body to rise up from a
squatting position.
 Vastus Intermedius
- arises from the front
and lateral surfaces of the body
of the femur
- primary function is knee
extension
 Vastus Medialis
- also called Vastus Internus or Teardrop
Muscle
– is an extensor muscle located medially in
the thigh that extends the knee
- extend the leg at the knee and to stabilize
the patella, which is also known as the
kneecap.
 Rectus Femoris
- situated in the middle of the
front of the thigh;
- By acting on the hip joint, it
helps with thigh flexion.
 Hamstrings
- skeletal muscles at the back of your
thigh
- use them to walk, climb stairs, do squats
and perform many other leg movements.
- Susceptible to injury.
Divided into 3:
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus
 Biceps Femoris
- closest to the outside of your body.
Its function is to:
a. flex your knee,
b. extend the thigh at your hip
c. rotate your lower leg from side-
to-side when your knee is bent.
Semimembranosus
- closest to the middle of your
body.
- This hamstring flexes your knee
joint, extends your thigh at your
hip and offers medial rotation for
your hip and lower leg.
 Semitendinosus
Lies between the semimembranous
and the biceps femoris.
- produces movements on both hip
and knee joints producing thigh
extension, internal rotation, pelvis
stabilization (hip joint), leg flexion
and internal rotation (knee joint)..
 Gastrocnemius
- it is a superficial two-headed muscle
that is in the back part of the lower leg
of humans
- joins the soleus to form the Achilles
tendon
- When your foot is planted on the
ground, the gastrocnemius acts to
stabilize your foot and ankle.
Also called the ANTI GRAVITY MUSCLE
 Soleus
- is a wide flat leg muscle found
on the posterior leg
- The plantar flexor muscle of the
ankle.
- It is capable of exerting powerful
forces onto the ankle joint.
 Muscles of the Foot
They are divided into 2 divisions
1. Intrinsic
2. Extrinsic
 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
A. Dorsal Aspect
1. Extensor Digitorum Brevis
2. Extensor Hallucis Brevis
B. Plantar Aspect
4 Layers
 Dorsal Aspect
1. Extensor Digitorum Brevis
2. Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
- is a thin muscle found on the
dorsum of the foot
- these muscles work in unison to
extend the corresponding digits
of the foot
 Extensor Hallucis Brevis
- a short muscle located in the
dorsum of the foot, attaching
between the calcaneus and
proximal phalanx of the big toe
(hallux).
- main function of this muscle is to
assist in the extension of the big toe
at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
 B. Plantar Aspect
It is divided into 4 layers
First Layer
Second Layer
Third Layer
Fourth Layer
 First Layer
1. Abductor Hallucis
2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
3. Abductor Digiti Minimi
 Abductor Hallucis
- is a fusiform muscle located
superficially and medially in
the foot.
- function of this muscle is
to abduct and flex the great toe.
 Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- is a broad muscle found deep in
the sole of the foot in charge of
the toe flexion at
the metatarsophalangeal
joints of the lateral four digits.
- also supports the longitudinal
arch of foot while propelling
the body forward during gait.
 Abductor Digiti Minimi

- lying along the lateral border of

the foot, it is the most lateral
muscle of the first layer.
- main function
involves abduction of the 5th
finger, as well as flexion of its
proximal phalanx.
 Second Layer
1. Quadratus Plantae
2. Lumbricals
 Quadratus Plantae
- also called the flexor
accessories, is one of the central
plantar muscles of the foot.
- function of this muscle is to
facilitate walking.
 Lumbricals
- are the four small muscles found in the
sole of the foot.
- flex and adduct the lateral four toes at
the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend
them at the interphalangeal joints.
- these actions contribute to
the biomechanical balance of the foot
during walking.
 Third Layer
1. Flexor Hallucis Brevis
2. Adductor Hallucis
3. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
 Flexor Hallucis Brevis
- is a small intrinsic muscle of
the foot. It is located deep within
the sole, on the medial aspect.
- main function is to flex the
great toe at
the metatarsophalangeal joint.
 Adductor Hallucis
- is a two-headed, intrinsic
muscle of the sole of the foot.
- facilitate walking by adducting
and flexing the great toe (hallux).
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
- is a small muscle found in the
sole of the foot.
- is one of the muscles
responsible for flexing the toes
 Fourth Layer
1. Plantar Interossei
2. Dorsal Interossei
 Plantar Interossei

- are a group of three small

muscles found in the central
compartment of the sole of the foot
- they maintain the position of 3rd
to 5th toes and prevent them from
thrusting apart once the body
weight is applied to the forefoot
 Dorsal Interossei
- are the four feather-like muscles
found in the central compartment
of the sole of the foot.
- helps flex the lateral three toes at
the metatarsophalangeal joints
 Types of Body Movements
1. Flexion. 5. Adduction.
2. Extension. 6. Circumduction
3. Rotation. 7. Opposition
4. Abduction
 Flexion
– is a movement that decreases
the angle of the joint and brings
two bones closer together.
 Extension
– opposite of flexion. It is a
movement that increases the
angle between two bones or
parts of the body.
 Rotation
–movement of a bone around its
longitudinal axis.
 Abduction
– moving of a limb away from the
midline of the body.
 Adduction
– movement of a limb toward the
midline of the body.
 Circumduction
– combination of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction
 Opposition
- movement of the thumb and the
other fingers. The purpose of
this movement is the ability to
bring the tip of the thumb in
contact with any other fingertip
of the same hand.
THANK YOU